What is the function of the nucleus?
controls the metabolic activities of the cell as it contains genetic information in the form of DNA
what is the nucleolus?
area within the nucleus that is responsible for producing ribosomes.
what is the function of mitochondria?
site of production of ATP in the final stages of cellular respiration
what are vesicles?
membranous sacs that are used to transport materials in the cell
what are lysosomes?
specialised forms of vesicles with hydrolytic enzymes that break down waste material in cells.
what is the role of the cytoskeleton?
controls cell movement, movement of organelles within the cell, and provides mechanical strength to the cell
name the three types of cytoskeletal filaments
microfilaments, microtubules and intermediate fibres
give two types of extension that protude from some cells
flagella(whip-like protrusions) and cilia(tail-like protusions)
what is the endoplasmic reticulum( ER) ?
a network of membranes enclosing flattened sacs called cistemae
what are the functions of the two types of ER ?
smooth ER- lipid and carbohydrates synthesis, and storage rough ER- synthesis and transport of proteins
what is the function of Golgi apparatus
plays a part in modifying proteins and packaging them into vesicles
what are monomers?
smaller units from which larger molecules are made
what are polymers?
molecules made from a large number of monomers joined together
what is a condensation reaction?
a reaction that joins two molecules together to form a chemical bond while eliminating of a molecule of water
what is a hydrolysis reaction?
a reaction that breaks a chemical bond between two molecules and involves the use of a water molecule
what is a monosaccharide?
monomers from which larger carbohydrates are made
how is a glycosidic bond formed?
a condensation reaction between two monosaccharides
name three main examples of polysaccharides
glycogen , starch, cellulose
describe benedict’s test for reducing sugars
gently heat a solution of a food sample with an equal volume of benedict’s solution for five minutes, the solution turns orange/brown if reducing sugar is present
name the two main groups of lipids
phospholipids, triglycerids (fats and oils)
give four roles of lipids
source if energy, waterproofing, insulation, protection
what is an ester bond?
a bond formed by a condensation reaction between glycerol and a fatty acid
describe the emulsion test for lipids
mix the sample with ethanol in a clean test tube, shake the sample, add water, shake the sample again, a cloudy white colour indicates that lipid is present
what are monomers that make up proteins?
amino acids
