BIOLOGY EVOLUTION Flashcards

Question

In order for new species to develop, there must be a change in the.. A. temperature of the environment B. migration patterns within a population C. genetic makeup of a population D. rate of succession in the environment

Answer 1

True Mutations

Answer 2

if one organisms eat all of the food and plants, competition occur, and other organism die The relationship between extinction and species diversity is if extinction increases then species diversity decreases as one organism in the species disappear and leaves a hole in the system.

Answer 3

The relationship between extinction and genetic diversity is that if genetic diversity decreases the risk of extinction increases as more species start to involve inbreeding which causes reduced fitness.

Answer 4

The more sustainable a region and its ecosystem is, the more it is able to protect biodiversity and the more biodiversity there is, the more sustainable the region is. The sustainability of a region is tied to its biodiversity because you can’t have biodiversity if the species isn’t positively sustained. If I want biodiversity in monkeys, I first have to increase the number of monkeys I have in order for it to be sustainable enough for biodiversity.

Answer 5

Based on this activity, it taught me that the earth had first originated 4.5 billion years ago, which is then followed by the origination of the earliest prokaryotes by 4,300 mya. Oxygen in the atmosphere increases which help create the path for the appearance of the earliest eukaryotes by 2,500 mya. The Cambrian period at 542 mya marks the start of complex organisms, with vertebrates, insects and seed plants appearing later. Reptiles and dinosaurs then were brought up, going into extinction at sound 66 million years ago at the end of the Cretaceous period which created a path for the rise of mammals and eventually humans. (and also the finding of the earliest human fossils)

Answer 6

My ideas about geologic time and major events changed after doing this activity. For example, before being exposed to this activity, I had thought that humans had actually lived during the dinosaur age because of false depictions in shows like the FlintStones. However, after this activity I had realized just how much millions of years humans and dinosaurs are apart and same goes to the multitude of organisms that had lived before them.

Answer 7

The potential impact of what would happen on biodiversity across geologic time if no species had ever become extinct would be that biodiversity could potentially and gradually decrease. Though it is important to remember that if no species had ever become extinct, biodiversity would increase in extreme rates. However, over time as the organisms adjust to the environment, it could decrease because of the unfair advantages of organisms who were adjusted to more harsh conditions now transitioning to an easier habitat to survive in, leading to more competition and lack of resources due to that competition.

Answer 8

Sedimentary rocks are formed when sediment accumulates in layers and over a long period of time and then hardens into a rock.

Answer 9

Metamorphic rocks are formed under the surface of the earth from the metamorphosis due to intense heat and pressure.

Answer 10

Igneous rocks are formed when magma cools and hardens.

Answer 11

The six characteristics that can be used to help identify the three main classes of rocks are crystals, fossils, gas bubbles, glassy surfaces, ribbonlike layers, and sand or pebbles.

Answer 12

Rocks continually change from one type of rock to another and then back again through things like weathering, erosion, compaction and heat, pressure, and melting processes. The elements that make up rocks are never created or destroyed because they are constantly being recycled.

Answer 13

Sedimentary: Fossils Sand or Pebbles Layered structure Metamorphic: Ribbon-like Layers Crystalline texture Glassy surfaces Igneous Rocks: Crystals Gas Bubbles Glassy surfaces

Answer 14

Adaptive radiation led to the evolution of more than 13 species of finches from a common ancestor because Galapagos finches evolved from finches that were blown off course from the mainland of South America. The descendants of these original finches evolved new genetic and phenotypic features when they were exposed to different environment conditions that were different from those on the island.

Answer 15

Environmental changes lead to extinction when those changes lead to the reduced fitness of a species. For example, habitat loss like for example deforestation, can lead to a lack of resources which can contribute to the extinction of a certain species who need those resources to survive.

Answer 16

Reduced genetic variability within a population makes it more susceptible to being extinct by environmental changes, diseases, ect. With less variation within a population, organisms don't have enough genetic diversity needed to adapt to changing environments. Fewer organisms within the population have the traits necessary to survive and reproduce in new environmental changes.

Answer 17

Human activities can affect speciation, extinction, and biodiversity. With speciation, humans can reduce the rate of speciation by disrupting and hindering habitats, causing a decline in species population which can affect the rate of new species evolving from other ones negatively. This can increase the rate of extinction and decrease the rates of biodiversity within an ecosystem which can increase the rate of extinction further. Some ways humans can do this is increase rates of deforestation, pollution, overexploitation, ect.

Answer 18

Many events and people influenced Darwin's thinking like Lamarck, his Voyage on the Beagle, Lyell, Bird experts, Pigeon breeders, Malthus, and Wallace. First, Lamarck had an idea that when an environment changes, an organism's change must follow after in order to survive. Then in 1831, Darwin's college professor recommended him to join the Voyage of the Beagle which would travel all over the world. Over five years of the voyage, Darwin observed and collected a variety of animals, plants and fossils to bring back to england. His observations while on the trip on the environment had also led him to notice that the plants and animals on the islands had adapted to all kinds of environments. This was one of the baselines to Darwin's final theory and helped set the scene for his research. Later, Lyell’s idea was introduced, it declares that the present geology of the earth aids to explain the geologic past. He declares that large-scale changes that are geologic result from small changes over extremely long periods of time. These people and events lead to Darwin return to England and continue to investigate and think about evolution. One of the animals that Darwin was studying were Gala-pagos finches. He had collected a number of birders which varied in beak structure, tails, and body form. He was surprised that they are all members of 13 closely related species of finches. He notices that for each \species of finch, the breaks were made for food sources in their environment. These finches showed Darwin how a diverse group of species could evolve through natural selection from a common ancestor. Darwin learned from pigeon breeders that selective breeding could be used to produce a great variety of pigeons in a reasonable short time. The pigeon breeders would select two pigeons with desirable traits and breed them in order to obtain offspring which were then chosen for further breeding for generation. Darwin was awed by this and began to breed pigeons at home. He was also awed by the variety of the pigeon offspring. He also learned that some of the offspring would resemble the birds that he first started with when he began breeding. Forevermore, Malthus had declared that human population growth will always exceed the amount of food available to feed the population. He suggested that individuals in the population compete with each other for limited resources. Then Wallace, who is considered the codiscover of natural selection, divided the world into seven major biogeographical areas which were named “Wallace’s Line” which divided South Asia and the Australian and New Zealand region because the plants and animals in the two areas were too different despite being geologically close to each other. After all the people before him and the events that had led him to this, Darwin proposed his theory of evolution by natural selection.

Answer 19

Traits that evolve through natural selection increase survival and reproduction rates. A few examples would be Camouflage which protects organisms from predators, Disease immunity, and flood-tolerance which protects plants/organisms from flood damage.

Answer 20

Traits that do not evolve through natural selection are traits that do not affect survival or reproduction rates. For example, an organism's eye color does not impact survival or reproduction rates, Earlobe attachment whether attached or detached earlobes generally don't affect survival or reproduction rates, and The absence or presence doesn't affect survival or reproduction.

Answer 21

Some types of skeletal changes that occurred during the whale evolution is the size change, the tailbones got less curved and more curved depending on the time that progressed and newer the fossil is, the less sign of legs it has.

Answer 22

During the transition of habitat for whales, from land to sea, there were limb modifications where limbs (arms and legs) slowly transformed to flippers which adapted for more efficient movement in the water. The tail bone had evolved to be more flexible and longer, providing an efficient movement in the water. Natural selection favors individuals with these adaptations because they were better able to survive and reproduce in the aquatic environment with these changes.

Answer 23

Either B (basilosaurs) or D (dorudontids) was the first to live mostly in water. Evidence: They either lost their hind limbs or those limbs and pelvis were greatly reduced. The tail lengthened with large vertebrae, and the forelimbs became fins. The neck vertebrae shrank. Reasoning: B and D show characteristics for swimming and life in water, such as large vertebrae in the tail and fin-like forelimbs. They also lack characteristics for life on land, such as attached pelvis and hind limbs and large neck vertebrae.

Answer 24

The ambulocetids branched into two lineages: the remingtonocetids and the protocetids. The remingtonocetids eventually became extinct, while the protocetids continued to evolve and branch into two more lineages, the basilosaurs and the dorudontids.

Answer 25

I can infer, based on the information I have on the tree, that they probably had whale-like features but also probably had limbs. This is because it is in between the time lapse of pakicetids and protocetids which one had whale like features and the other land animal features.

Answer 26

The older rocks would be lower in elevation than the newer rocks. This is based on Stratigraphyas deeper strata and also the fossil fuels found in them are older. However upper strata and the fossils that are found in them inference that they were formed more recentl

Answer 27

Cope’s ideas about the evolution of tetrapods was considered a hypothesis and not a theory as it severely lacked the evidence on their evolution and fossils to be a theory.

Answer 28

A hypothesis that stated that the features such as lunches and legs with feet in the shallow-water environment allowed hunting, mating, and maybe even laying eggs in low-water areas of tangled vegetation.

Answer 29

The skeleton of Acanthostega, discovered in East Greenland in 1987, suggested that aquatic organisms evolved such features as lungs and legs with feet in the shallow-water environments along the coastal margins during the Devonian period.

Answer 30

Early means they are either still one species, or that they have just begun separation.

Answer 31

Mid means they are separating.

Answer 32

Late means they are at the end of separation, and they have most likely split into two species.

Answer 33

An adaptive radiation is the relatively rapid evolution from a common ancestor of multiple species that occupy newly available environments. Adaptive radiation contributes to the biodiversity of an area as new species evolve over relatively short periods of time.

Answer 34

Mating songs or signals are too different for potential mates to recognize, or the animals have different courtship rituals.

Answer 35

Two species live in the same area but in slightly different habitats, such as in or on different parts of the same plant.

Answer 36

The two species breed at different times of the year.

Answer 37

The two species do not have the anatomical structures necessary for mating.

Answer 38

Sperm and eggs cannot interact.

Answer 39

Members of species can mate, but their offspring are sterile.

Answer 40

Two species can mate, but the offspring do not live long enough to reproduce their own offspring.

Answer 41

Homologous organs are similar in structure and share a common origin but may be adapted to perform different functions.

Answer 42

Analogous organs are those that have evolved separately but look alike because they are adapted to perform the same function.

Answer 43

Vestigial organs are those organs, found in some living things, that do not perform any functions. They simply show an evolutionary relationship with other living things. ex: human tailbone

Answer 44

Biological evolution or evolution is a change in the genetic composition of a population that gives rise to new life forms from common ancestors.

Answer 45

The variation in the population that included beak shape and size, body size, color, and breeding season is a result of many biological processes. One example is genetic mutation, random changes in an organism's DNA can lead to new variation, these mutations can benefit, harm, or not affect the animal. Another process is natural selection, individuals with traits better suited to their environment (traits which can result from mutations) are more likely to survive and reproduce, passing their traits to their offspring which have a better survival rate. This leads to an increase of survival to offspring to offspring generation after generation within the population over time. Depending on the environment, traits like beak shape, body size, ect. can benefit the animal, harm it, or not even affect it which is why some individuals have these variations.

Answer 46

There are many conditions that lead to extinction, an example includes environmental changes like deforestation which can lead to lack of resources and habitat or destruction of the environment. Another example includes a lack of camouflage on the animal's part, if an animal stands out in the environment, predators pick out the ones that stand out which can lead to the extinction of that animal. Another one could be an invasive species which can lead to competition of resources which can put the animal at risk for extinction.

Answer 47

When a species goes extinct, it fortunately leaves behind resources and their role that were taken/occupied within the environment. Other organisms can then have the opportunities to evolve and fill these gaps, which leads to the evolution of new taxa. Additionally, the removal of a predator or even a competitor can allow surviving species to flourish into new roles, driving further evolution and speciation.

Answer 48

If there is a high level of biodiversity in an ecosystem, there would be a huge food web. This means that it would prevent the collapse if one species population declines. This food web enhances the ecosystems resilience and stability. Biodiversity in an ecosystem also allows the ecosystem to be less vulnerable to diseases.

Answer 49

The change in the environment,volcanic eruption which led to a black appearance in the environment, led to selection for genetic changes and phenotypic changes in the population of the rock pocket mice in the video over several generations. This is because one day, a mutation happened in one of the mice´s DNA that affected the mice’s fur color, this led to the mouse having black fur in a ashy-black-enviornment. This was an advantage to the other mouse because they had light colored fur which made them easy to spot to the visual predators around the area. The offspring of the black mouse had a greater survival rate than the offspring of the light color mice. Over time after generation after generation, this trait was passed on and the survival rate increased and covered the entire population. This was mostly because of mutations and natural selection as mutations that happen to benefit and make the animal better adapted to the environment tend to survive and produce more offspring.

Answer 50

Natural Selection explains the theory that an organism that is better suited or adapted to their environment tends to survive better and have more offspring. In the Natural Selection Gizmo, whether it was on dark tree bark or light tree bark, the moth that had a lack of camouflage (light moth on dark bark or dark moth on light bark) had predators pick them out because they stood out. The moths that were better suited for the environment (light moth on light bark or dark moth on dark bark) had a better survival rate and produced more offspring. Overtime, the percentage of the population of the moths that lacked camouflage had decreased and the percentage of the population of the moths that are better adapted to their environment increased.

Answer 51

it would be older

Answer 52

1 billion years after the earth was made

Answer 53

Microevolution is evolution on a small scale, and it results in changes in the proportion of genes in a population.

Answer 54

Speciation is the formation of species as a result of barriers to gene flow that split the gene pool, followed by an accumulation of differences between the gene pools.

Answer 55

Macroevolution is the larger changes and patterns in evolution.

Answer 56

This occurs when different organisms that live in similar environments become more alike in appearance and behavior. The environment selects similar adaptations in unrelated species. Organisms develop analogous structures (same function, different origins) Example: Bird wings/insect wings, Sharkfins/dolphin fins

Answer 57

This process by which an ancestral species gives rise to a number of new species that are adapted to different environmental conditions and are less alike This often occurs when a species colonizes a new environment. Macroevolution Adaptive radiation (microevolution) is similar, but happens over a relatively short period of time (Galapagos finches on an island)

Answer 58

a rapid evolutionary diversification where a single ancestral species evolves into multiple new species or lineages, each adapted to different ecological niches

Answer 59

Two organisms evolve in response to each other ex: flowering plants and their pollinators often have mutualistic relationships

BIOLOGY EVOLUTION Flashcards

(101 cards)