Biomolecules

Question 1

How to decide alpha vs beta sugar

Answer 1

1st carbon per -OH neeche alpha
-OH upar beta

Question 2

Give example of disaccharide

Answer 2

Maltose, lactose, sucrose

Question 3

If 2 sugars combined in a straight chain then which type of glycosidic bond is formed?

1. alpha 1-4 glycosidic linkage
2. Beta 1-6 glycosidic linkage

Answer 3

Alpha

Question 4

Types of polysaccahride?

Answer 4

Homopolysacharide
Heteropolysaccahride

Question 5

Examples of structural homopolysacharide and storage homopolysacharide

Examples of structural heteropolysaccahride

Answer 5

Structural homo= Cellulose and chitin
Storage homo = glycogen, starch, inulin

Structural heteropolysaccahride

Peptidoglycanb, hyaluronic acid

Question 6

Storage Polysaccharide can be stored in bulk and they are ______ & _____ inactive

Answer 6

Chemically and osmotically

Question 7

Glycogen are formed by?

Answer 7

30,000 alpha D-glucose

Question 8

Starch exist in 2 forms name them along with there percentage composition:

Answer 8

Amylose : 10-30%
Amylopectin: 70-90%

Question 9

Inulin is obtained from which plant? And is made of ?

Answer 9

Dahlia, ß-fructose

Question 10

Celluose is ____ while glycogen is branched

Answer 10

Unbranched

Question 11

Chitin is made of :

Answer 11

NAG (N-acetyl glucosamine)

Question 12

What are they made of
Peptidoglycan =
Hyaluronic acid =

Answer 12

Peptidoglycan = NAG + NAM

Hyaluronic acid = NAG + Glucoronic acid

Question 13

Sucrose is reducing or non-reducing?

Answer 13

Non-reducing

Except sucrose all disaccharides are reducing

Question 14

Examples of :

Acidic aa =
Basic aa =
Neutral aa=
Sulphur aa =
Hydroxyl aa =
Aromatic aa =

Answer 14

Acidic aa = aspartic acid, glutamic acid

Basic aa = histidine(heterocyclic),
lysine, arginine

Neutral aa= glycine, alanine

Sulphur aa = methionine, cysteine

Hydroxyl aa = serine, threonine

Aromatic aa = phenylalanine, tryptophan, tyrosine

Question 15

Full form of RuBisCO

Answer 15

RIbulose bisphosphate carboxylase oxygenase

Question 16

Alpha Helix in protein are folded through which direction ?
Example of alpha helix

Answer 16

Right handed

Keratin

Question 17

Types of secondary structure in a protein along with there examples

Answer 17

alpha helix = keratin
ẞ-pleated = fibroin protein in silk

Question 18

Examples of 3° structure

Answer 18

Enzymes ( they are functional analysis jb3° structure)

Myoglobin

Question 19

Lipids are ____ of fatty acids

Answer 19

Esters

Question 20

Types of lipids

Answer 20

1. Simple lipid

   → true fats = made of fatty acids + glycerol 

   → waxes
2. Conjugate lipids

      Made of lipid + non lipid
      Ex : Lecithin 

3. ** Derived lipids**

     Ex : cholestrol

Question 21

What’s a fatty acid? Max number of carbons it can have

Answer 21

Long chain of hydrocarbons with -COOH group at the end

Max C = 19

Question 22

Types of fatty acids along with their examples

Answer 22

Saturated fatty acids
Eg : Palmitic acid ( 16C)
Stearic acid (18C)
Arachidic acid ( 20C)

Unsaturated FA
Eg : Oleic acid (18C : 1D.B.)
Linoleic acid ( 18C : 2DB)
Linolenic acid (18C : 3DB)
Arachidonic acid ( 20C : 4DB)

Question 23

Which conjugate lipid is present around neuron

Answer 23

Myelin —→ a specialised lipid present around neuron

Question 24

Cholestrol is the precursor of ?

Answer 24

Acetic acid

Question 25

Cholestrol has how many carbons

Answer 25

27C

Question 26

Most common conjugate lipid and most common derived lipid?

Answer 26

Most common conjugate lipid= phospholipid most common derived lipid = sterol ( cholesterol)

Question 27

Other name of Adenine Guanine

Answer 27

Adenine = 6 amino purine Guanine = 2 amino 6 oxy purine

Question 28

Counting of carbon in purine and pyrimidine is done in which fashion (clockwise or anti-clockwise)

Answer 28

Purine = Anti- clock Pyrimidine= clock

Question 29

Other names of Uracil = Thymine = Cytosine =

Answer 29

Uracil = 2,4 dioxypyrimidine Thymine = 5 methyl uracil Cytosine = 4 amino 2 oxy pyrimidine

Question 30

What are coenzymes — organic or inorganic?

Answer 30

Organic

Question 31

Q2: How are coenzymes attached to apoenzymes?

Answer 31

Loosely attached for a short duration

Question 32

What are the essential components of coenzyme Or What are coenzymes usually derived from?

Answer 32

Vitamins

Question 33

Q. Examples of a coenzyme derived from Vitamin Niacin?

Answer 33

NAD (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) NADP (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate)

Question 34

Are prosthetic groups organic or inorganic? .

Answer 34

Usually Organic

Question 35

How are prosthetic groups attached to apoenzymes?

Answer 35

Tightly bound to apoenzyme for longer duration

Question 36

Give an example of a prosthetic group and its enzyme.

Answer 36

Haem group — acts as a prosthetic group for catalase and peroxidase.

Question 37

Write the reaction catalyzed by catalase/peroxidase using haem as a prosthetic group.

Answer 37

: 2 H₂O₂ → 2 H₂O + O₂

Question 38

Are metal ions organic or inorganic?

Answer 38

Inorganic

Question 39

How are metal ions attached to enzymes? Or How do metal ions help enzymes?

Answer 39

It forms a coordination bond not only with the enzyme but also associates with the side chain of substrate

Question 40

Example of an enzyme requiring Cl⁻ as a metal ion cofactor? A:

Answer 40

Salivary amylase.

Question 41

Example of an enzyme requiring Zn²⁺ as a metal ion cofactor? A:

Answer 41

Carbonic anhydrase.