1
Q
Metabolism Energy Transfer
A
ATP, NADH, FADH2
2
Q
Protein’s general unit
A
Amino acid (CHONS)
3
Q
This lipid is water-resistant, found in plant cuticles, earwax, beeswax.
A
Waxes
4
Q
This vitamin b function: Part of coenzymes FAD and FMN (energy metabolism)
A
B2 Riboflavin
5
Q
Vitamin Sources: Sunlight (skin synthesis), fatty fish, fortified milk.
A
Vitamin D Calciferol
6
Q
Sulfur is found in amino acids like ____ and ___
A
cysteine, methionine
7
Q
Vitamin B5 Pantothenic Acid Deficiency
A
Rare
8
Q
B9 Folate/Folic Acid Deficiency
A
Megaloblastic anemia, neural tube defects in newborns.
9
Q
Glycolysis, citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, and the role of ATP.
A
Metabolic Pathways
10
Q
B7 Biotin Deficiency
A
Rare (Hair loss, rash)
11
Q
This vitamin B function is DNA synthesis, red blood cell formation.
A
B9 Folate/Folic Acid
12
Q
Lipids that contain other chemical groups in addition to alcohol + fatty acids.
A
compound/complex lipids
13
Q
Vitamin Excess: Rare but can interfere with anticoagulant medications.
A
Vitamin K Phylloquinone & Menaquinones
14
Q
Vitamin B1 Thiamine Deficiency
A
Beriberi
15
Q
Vitamin Deficiency: Night blindness, xerophthalmia (dry eyes), poor immunity
A
Vitamin A Retinoids and Carotenoids
16
Q
essential molecules in living organisms which play a critical role in various biological processes
A
Biomolecules
17
Q
Vitamin Functions:
> Vision (part of rhodopsin in the retina)
> Cell growth and differentiation
> Immune function
> Healthy skin and mucous membranes
A
Vitamin A Retinoids and Carotenoids
18
Q
RNA structure
A
Single-stranded
19
Q
___ is the primary energy source for cells. It is broken down in processes like
_____, where it is converted into ATP (the energy currency of the cell).
A
Glucose
glycolysis
20
Q
Vitamin Deficiency: Easy bruising, excessive bleeding.
A
Vitamin K Phylloquinone & Menaquinones
21
Q
Vitamin Sources: Vegetable oils, nuts, seeds, green leafy vegetables.
A
Vitamin E Tocopherols & Tocotrienols
22
Q
Vitamin Sources: Green leafy vegetables (spinach, kale, broccoli), gut bacteria synthesis.
A
Vitamin K Phylloquinone & Menaquinones
23
Q
____ is due to an autoimmune response that destroys insulin-producing
cells in the pancreas
A
Type 1 Diabetes
24
Q
process that gives proteins their functional shape
A
folding
25
___ breaks down lactose in the small intestine, enabling absorption.
Lactase
26
Vitamin D Functions:
> Regulates calcium and phosphorus absorption
> Bone mineralization and strength
Vitamin D Calciferol
27
large, complex molecules made up of amino acids
Proteins
28
The inability to digest lactose due to insufficient lactase enzyme activity, leading
to gastrointestinal issues like bloating and diarrhea.
Lactose Intolerance
29
Purines: ____
Pyrimidines: _____
Adenine (A), Guanine (G)
Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil
30
process of building molecules
Anabolism
31
The most basic form of carbohydrates. They consist of a single sugar molecule and cannot be broken down further.
Monosaccharides
32
Complexes of lipids + proteins.
Lipoproteins
33
DNA structure
double helix
34
solid at room temp (rich in saturated fatty acids)
Fats
35
These are complex carbohydrates formed by hundreds to thousands of
monosaccharide units.
They serve primarily for energy storage or structural support.
Polysaccharides
36
A structural component of plant cell walls. It is made of glucose units, but the bonds between them are B-glycosidic, which makes cellulose indigestible by humans.
Cellulose
37
3 Carbohydrate-Related Diseases
Diabetes
Glycogen Storage Disease
Lactose Intolerance
38
Vitamin B2 Riboflavin Deficiency
Ariboflavinosis
39
process of breaking down molecules
Catabolism
40
Structural and functional part of ribosomes.
rRNA (Ribosomal RNA)
41
Vitamin Functions:
> Antioxidant (protects cell membranes from free radicals)
> Helps maintain immune function
Vitamin E Tocopherols & Tocotrienols
42
Formed when two monosaccharides are linked via a glycosidic bond (covalent
bond formed by a dehydration reaction).
Disaccharides
43
carries electrons and hydrogen in
cellular respiration
NAD/NADH
44
______in plant cells and ____ in insect exoskeletons provide structural
integrity. These polysaccharides form rigid structures, helping plants maintain shape and protect organisms from physical damage.
Cellulose
chitin
45
Enumerate the 7 Biomolecules
Protein
Nucleic Acid
Lipids
Carbohydrates
Metabolism
Vitamins
Coenzymes
46
This is the process by which the liver can make glucose from non-carbohydrate
sources like lactate, glycerol, and amino acids, this is especially important during
fasting.
Gluconeogenesis
47
A component of lactose (milk sugar).
Galactose
48
> Dissolve in fats and oils, absorbed along with dietary lipids.
> Stored in the liver and fatty tissues, it can build up in the body.
> Higher risk of toxicity than water soluble vitamins if consumed in excess.
> Usually require bile salts for absorption.
> BILE SALTS-derived from cholesterol in the
liver, they are a major component of bile, which is stored in the gallbladder and secreted into the small intestine.
fat soluble vitamins
49
2 Water-Soluble VITAMINS
Vitamin B Complex
Vitamin C Ascorbic Acid
50
Lipids made of only alcohol + fatty acids
Simple Lipids
51
The most important monosaccharide, used as an energy source in cells.
Glucose
52
Derived Lipids Example
Steroids
Terpenes & Isoprenoids
Eicosanoids
Fat-soluble vitamins
53
part of a nucleotide that's either deoxyribose or ribose
Sugar
54
This Vitamin B works with folate in DNA synthesis, maintains nerve cells.
B12 Cobalamin
55
In the absence of oxygen, cells can convert glucose into energy through fermentation (e.g., lactic acid fermentation in muscles and ethanol fermentation
in yeast). This is less efficient than aerobic respiration but is crucial when oxygen
is limited.
Fermentation
56
3 types of compound/complex lipids
Phospholipids
Glycolipids
Lipoproteins
57
Vitamin Excess: Liver damage, bone pain, birth defects.
Vitamin A Retinoids and Carotenoids
58
3 Types of RNA
1. mRNA (Messenger RNA)
2. tRNA (Transfer RNA)
3. rRNA (Ribosomal RNA)
59
___ carries genetic code
Nitrogenous base
60
Vitamin Excess: Hypercalcemia (kidney stones, soft tissue calcification).
Vitamin B Calciferol
61
Vitamin Deficiency: Rickets (children), osteomalacia/osteoporosis (adults).
Vitamin D Calciferol
62
3 types/classification of Lipids
simple lipids
compound lipids
derived lipids
63
A group of inherited disorders that affect glycogen metabolism, such as ____ disease or _____ disease, leading to muscle weakness or other organ-related issues.
Glycogen Storage Disease
Pompe
McArdle
64
The main form of energy storage in animals, primarily in liver and muscle cells. It is highly branched, allowing for rapid breakdown and release of glucose when needed.
Glycogen
65
Nucleic acids are made of ______, which are their building blocks.
nucleotides
66
Vitamin B3 Niacin Deficiency
Pellagra
67
(glucose + galactose): Found in milk.
lactose
68
large, complex molecules that store, transmit, and express genetic information. They are responsible for heredity and the synthesis of proteins.
NUCLEIC ACID
69
This vitamin is:
> Antioxidant
> Collagen synthesis (important for skin, bones, and wound healing)
> Enhances iron absorption
> Supports immune function
Vitamin C Ascorbic Acid
70
Long-chain fatty acid + long-chain alcohol.
Waxes
71
This Vitamin B is part of coenzymes NAD'/NADP' (redox reactions).
B3 Niacin
72
Steps in Digestion and Metabolism of Carbohydrates
Digestion
Glycogenesis & Glycogenolysis
Gluconeogenesis
Fermentation
73
Carbohydrates are classified based on their ___ and ____
structure and complexity
74
Main components of cell membranes (amphipathic).
Phospholipids
75
Helps in protein synthesis.
RNA
76
Contain glycerol (or sphingosine), fatty acids, phosphate group + nitrogenous base.
Phospholipids
77
A metabolic disorder where the body has trouble regulating blood glucose levels.
Diabetes
78
organic compounds made up of carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O)
CARBOHYDRATES
79
Found in fruits and honey, it is metabolized into glucose.
Fructose
80
This Vitamin B is part of Coenzyme A, essential in energy production and fatty acid synthesis.
B5 Pantothenic Acid
81
diverse group of organic compounds that are generally insoluble in water but
soluble in nonpolar solvents (like chloroform, benzene, or ether)
LIPIDS
82
B6 Pyridoxine Deficiency
Anemia, Confusion, Depression
83
_____ are usually classified by the number of carbon atoms
they have (e.g., trioses, pentoses, hexoses) and whether they are aldehydes
(aldoses) or ketones (ketoses).
Monosaccharides
84
This type of lipid has long-term energy storage, insulation, protection
Fats and Oils (Triacylglycerols/
Triglycerides)
85
Lipids with carbohydrate groups (glucose, galactose).
Glycolipids
86
proteins that recognize specific carbohydrate structures on cell surfaces
Lectins
87
Enzymes like ___ (found in saliva and the pancreas) break down starches into simpler sugars like maltose.
amylase
88
Lipids formed from hydrolysis of simple or compound lipids and retain lipid-like properties.
Derived Lipids
89
Vitamin Deficiency: Rare; can cause nerve damage, muscle weakness, hemolytic anemia
Vitamin E Tocopherols & Tocotrienols
90
___ is often caused by insulin resistance, typically linked to obesity and poor diet.
Type 2 diabetes
91
incorrect folding in proteins, leading to dysfunction and often disease
Misfolding
92
8 Vitamin B
B1 Thiamine
B2 Riboflavin
B3 Niacin
B5 Pantothenic Acid
B6 Pyridoxine
B7 Biotin
B9 Folate/Folic Acid
B12 Cobalamin
93
Vitamin Sources: Liver, egg yolk, dairy, orange/yellow vegetables
Vitamin A Retinoids and Carotenoids
94
____ links nucleotides together
Phosphate group
95
Vitamin Functions:
> Essential for blood clotting (activates clotting factors)
> Bone health (regulates calcium binding in bones)
Vitamin K Phylloquinone & Menaquinones
96
Composed of glycerol + 3 fatty acids
Fats and Oils (Triacylglycerols/
Triglycerides)
97
Lipids are made out of mainly made of ___, ___, and a small amount of ___, sometimes containing ____ and ______.
CHONP
98
electron carrier in the citric acid cycle
FAD/FADH
99
carries carbon dioxide in carboxylation reactions
Biotin
100
B12 Cobalamin Deficiency
Pernicious anemia, neurological damage.
101
(glucose + fructose): Common table sugar.
sucrose
102
Stores hereditary information; directs protein synthesis.
DNA
103
___ are essential for structure, function, and regulation of the body's tissues and organs.
Proteins
104
This vitamin is coenzyme in carboxylation reactions (important in fat and carb
metabolism).
B7 Biotin
105
carries acyl groups in metabolism
Coenzyme A (CoA)
106
Vitamin C Ascorbic Acid deficiency
Scurvy
107
In simpler terms, they are hydrates of carbon, which means that for each carbon atom, there is typically a water molecule attached.
CARBOHYDRATES
108
carbohydrates FORMULA
Cn (H2 0) n
109
2 Main Types of NUCLEIC ACID
DNA
RNA
110
Carries genetic code from DNA to ribosomes.
mRNA (Messenger RNA)
111
These are a group of 8 vitamins, each with different roles
Vitamin B Complex
112
This vitamin b function: Helps convert carbohydrates to energy; important in nerve function.
B1 Thiamine
113
The process of converting glucose into glycogen for storage, primarily in the liver and muscles.
Glycogenesis
114
This compound lipid's function is Cell recognition, signaling, found in nervous tissue.
Glycolipids
115
Found in many foods (e.g., beans, onions), and have important roles in cell
recognition and signaling.
Oligosaccharides
116
Brings amino acids during protein synthesis.
tRNA (Transfer RNA)
117
2 types of Phospholipids
Glycerophospholipids
Sphingophospholipids
118
glycoproteins that allow white blood cells to attach to blood vessel walls during immune responses
Selectins
119
Function of this complex/compound lipid is to transport lipids in blood (e.g., LDL, HDL, VLDL, chylomicrons).
Lipoprotein
120
Lipids are energy-rich, they provide more than __x the energy of ___ and ___ (about __ kcal/g).
3x
carbohydrates
proteins
9
121
4 Types of Lipids
1. Fats and Oils (Triglycerides)
2. Phospholipids
3. Steroids
4. Waxes
122
3 parts of a nucleotide
Sugar
Phosphate group
Nitrogenous base
123
Mainly in the nucleus (also in mitochondria and chloroplasts)
DNA
124
the study of the roles of carbohydrates in cell-cell communication, immune responses, and protein recognition
Glycobiology
125
(glucose + glucose): Produced during the digestion of starch.
maltose
126
Typically, 3 to 10 monosaccharide units linked together.
Oligosaccharides
127
This vitamin B is involved in amino acid metabolism, neurotransmitter synthesis.
B6 Pyridoxine
128
____ serves as a readily available form of glucose storage in animals. In
At times of low glucose, it is broken down into glucose molecules for energy.
Glycogen
129
covalent bond formed by a dehydration reaction
glycosidic bond
130
2 types of Glycolipids
Cerebrosides
Gangliosides
131
liquid at room temp (rich in unsaturated fatty acids).
Oils
132
have water-loving heads and water-fearing tails
amphipathic
133
helps in decarboxylation reactions (derived from Vitamin B)
Thiamine Pyrophosphate (TPP)
134
The primary energy storage form in plants, made up of glucose molecules
Starch
135
The breakdown of glycogen back into glucose when the body
needs energy.
Glycogenolysis
Biochemistry
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