Biosecurity

Question 1

Define biosecurity

Answer 1

prevention of disease agents entering a non-infected farm (aka bioexlcusion)

Question 2

Define biocontainment

Answer 2

prevention of disease spreading within an infected farm or leaving a farm

Question 3

What are the 4 layers of biosecurity?

Answer 3

• global
• regional
• national
• local

Question 4

Define global biosecurity

Answer 4

control of infectious disease and eradication programmes of eliminating infectious risks

Question 5

Define regional biosecurity

Answer 5

continent wide eradication and prevention of introduction of disease (keep FMD out of EU) by risk assessments, illegal transports and public awareness

Question 6

Define national biosecurity

Answer 6

national disease control progammes to protect the national livestock population and trade (e.g. NCD)

• surveillance
• disease control measures
• contingency planning

Question 7

Define local biosecurity

Answer 7

• to protect your own health and herds from infectious diseases
  > eradicate
  > keep disease free (risk factors for dz introduction and preventive measures)
  > reduce the impact of introduction

Question 8

What are global and reional responsibilities and limitations?

Answer 8

• risk assessments
• trade
• financial incentives (e.g. to become FMD free)
• available resources

Question 9

Other respnsibilities and limitations

Answer 9

• risks increasing, resources decreasing
• trade in animal (products) and diseases
• expanding livestock area

Question 10

What are national responsibilities and limitations?

Answer 10

• NATIONAL = responsibility of government
• AHVLA office/ defra
• based on: risk assessments, trade, financial incentives, available resources
• national boundaries not secure

Question 11

Who is responsible for local control?

Answer 11

• government?
• owners and keepers?
• vets?

Question 12

What are endemic disease risk factors?

Answer 12

• more than 100 cos
• introduction of > 1 cow
• mixing of different herds
• professional visitors on farm (risk factor for IBR but not BVD or salmonella)
• increased herd size (increased offs of BVDV and BHV1 presence and for L.hardjo presence - no sheep or goats)
• purchase of animals: increases odds of BHV1, L.hardjo presence and BVDV presence
• purchasing advice (from vet) lowers risk of L.harjo presence and MAP presence.
• NO EFFECT: veterinary practice, contact with adjacent animals or disinfection procedures (visitors/vehicles) nor case v.s intervention on pathogen presence

Question 13

What are problems with uptake of vet advice?

Answer 13

• knowledge and engagement (dz status not known, accepting losses, interest by farmer and vet)
• the important vs. the urgent
• attitudes and priorities (not the most important economic loss on the farm, habit: trading at markets vs. knowing negative herd status)

Question 14

What happens when disease is on a farm?

Answer 14

• paradigm shift: focus no longer on keeping disease out anymore
• focus more on reducing within herd spread (in most cases vaccination doesn’t prevent spread of disease)

Question 15

Risk factors for disease spread on farm?

Answer 15

• stocking density/ airspace
• dirty cows
• transport
• wildlife
• herd size
• production groups
• calf management
• water troughs
• other species
• very disease depending