Black Panthers key points, AA
- 1966 founded
- Max membership of 5,000
- Throughout 1967 huge rallies were held, the willingness of members to carry arms was dislayed
- Declined from prominence after 1969, 27 members were shot dead, 750 were arrested by the FBI
- Ended by an FBI raid in 1981
High profile events in Black Power
- Malcolm X assassinated 1965
- 1965 Watts Race Riot, 34 people killed, 4,000 arrested, and $40 million of damage
- 1967 Detroit Race Riots
43 killed, 7,000 arrested - 1968 Mexico Olympics, 2 black athletes raised their gloved fists in protest
- MLK assassinated in 1968
High profile condemners of Black Power
- In 1967 MLK criticised the movement saying ‘black supremacy would be as evil as white supremacy’
- The NAACP said that no negro who is fighting for Civil Rights can support Black Power
Educational commitment in Black Power
- Point 5 of the Ten Point Program of the Black Panther Party was regarding education of the AA community
- Stokely Carmichael with the SNCC launched the get-out-the-vote campaign to supply a political education
Economic Development in Black Power
PUSH
- Boycotting large companies and persuading Coca- Cola, Seven-up and Burger King to sign agreements to hire more Black workers
The Black Panthers set up community projects to supply training facilities
Other key groups of Black Power
The Nation of Islam established in 1930
- Under the radical views of Elijah Muhammad who saw the white race as devilish
- Fostered Malcolm X and then killed him in 1965
- 20,000 members in the 1960s although some sources claim it was as high as 100,000
- Republic of New Afrika founded in 1968
- This group advocated Black separatism, a new state
Federal response to Black Power
Kerner Commission 1968
- Sought to integrate society
Lead to the Fair Housing Act 1968, banning racial discrimination in mortgage letting
- Swan v. Charlotte - Mecklenburg Board of Education 1971, upholding bussing
- Green v. Connally 1970 withholding funding from segregated univesities
- In 1965 51% of Black students went to predominantly Black school, in 1971 only 34% did
- Affirmative Action 1969, Giggs v. Duke Power Company, 300,000 buisnesses bound be percentage quotas
- Undermined in 1975 by Miliken v. Bradley
Poverty and life other social conditions amongst Native Americans
- 25% classed as poor in the 1960s
- Unemployment at 42%, the Pueblos of New Mexico at 77%
- Life expectancy being 44 as opposed to the average of 64
- 1970 45% urbanised
Key Red Power groups
- The National Indian Youth Council was set up in 1961 marking the beginning of the Red Power movement, membership peaking at 15,000, organised the Puyallup River fishins 1964
- 1968 AIM founded, responsible for the march of broken treaties 1972 and the Occupation of Mt Rushmore 1971
1970 NARF established, pressuring the federal government to honour existing laws and treaties
Key Federal Acts with relation Native Americans
- 1968 Indian Civil Rights Act
- 1972 Indian Education Act
- 1974 Oneida v. Oneida and Madison Counties
- 1975 The Indian Self Determination and Educational Assistance Act
Key events of Red Power
- 1964 Puyallup River fishins
- 1969 Occupation of Alcatraz lasted 2 years with 10,000 visiting
- 1970 I Bury my Heart at Wounded Knee
- 1971 - Occupation of Mt Rushmore
- 1972 Trail of Broken Treaties, 1,000 marchers cause $700,000 of damage
- 1975 - 2 FBI agents shot by AIM at Pine Ridge
Women in the Black Panthers
- 2/3 were women
- Elaine Brown chaired the Black Panthers between 1974 and 1977
- Safiyah Bukhari rose to head of information and communications of the East Coast Panthers
