Block 1: Foundations

Question 1

What is the charge of the more electronegative element?

Answer 1

More negative

Question 2

Why are double bonds more readily polarised?

Answer 2

Due to the relative mobility it pi electrons

Question 3

What is sp3?

Answer 3

A carbon with 4 atoms attached

Question 4

Which molecules have a higher boiling point?

Answer 4

Those with an increased molecular size

Question 5

What do more functional groups/polar bonds do to boiling point?

Answer 5

Correlates with a higher boiling point

Question 6

What is a primary alcohol?

Answer 6

When the alcohol is attached to a carbon connected to one other carbon

Question 7

What is a secondary (2•) alcohol?

Answer 7

When the OH is attached to a carbon attached to two other carbons

Question 8

What is a tertiary (3•) carbon?

Answer 8

When the OH group is attached to a carbon attached to three other carbons

(Also used for alkyl halides)

Question 9

What is an ortho- aromatic compound?

Answer 9

X2 Cl are in the 1,2 position

Question 10

What is a meta aromatic compound?

Answer 10

X2 Cl are in the 1,3 position

Question 11

What is a para aromatic compound?

Answer 11

X2 Cl are in the 1,4 position

Question 12

What is a constitutional isomer?

Answer 12

Different sequence of bonds

Question 13

What is a stereoisomer?

Answer 13

Different arrangement of groups in space

Question 14

What is a conformational isomer?

Answer 14

Differ by rotation around a single bond

Question 15

What is a configuration so isomer?

Answer 15

Interconversion requires breaking bonds

Question 16

What are enantiomers?

Answer 16

Non-super imposable mirror images

Question 17

What are diastomers?

Answer 17

Non mirror images

Question 18

What is the formula for a molecular formula with no rings and only single bonds?

Answer 18

Cn H2n+2

Question 19

What is the formula for a molecule that must contain either one double bond or ring?

Answer 19

CnH2n

Question 20

Formula for double bonds equivalents?

Answer 20

1/2 (2xcarbon + (nitrogen) - hydrogen + 2) = number of double bonds

Question 21

What is a staggered Newman projection?

Answer 21

Not blocking each other

Question 22

What is an eclipsed Newman projection?

Answer 22

The C-C block each other

Question 23

What is an anti Newman projection?

Answer 23

When it’s staggered and the largest group are furthest away (and most stable)

Question 24

What is a gauche Newman projection?

Answer 24

When its staggered and the largest groups are closest together

Question 25

What is a syn Newman projection?

Answer 25

When the largest groups are eclipsed and closest together (is also least stable)

Question 26

What is the typical atom priority order?

Answer 26

H-C-N-O-F-Cl-Br-I

Question 27

Z means...?

Answer 27

Two highest priority groups on same side

Question 28

E means...?

Answer 28

Two higher priority groups are on opposite sides

Question 29

When can enantiomers exist?

Answer 29

When you have an sp^3 carbon with 4 different groups attached

Question 30

What is a chiral carbon with a sterogenic centre?

Answer 30

A carbon with four different groups attached

Question 31

What happens when an sp3 carbon has two identical groups?

Answer 31

It's achiral (has internal symmetry)

Question 32

What is an R configuration?

Answer 32

When the three highest ranked substituents have a descending order of priority in a clockwise direction (Start with 1)

Question 33

What is an S configuration?

Answer 33

When the highest priority substituents descend in an anticlockwise direction (Start with 1)

Question 34

What is homolytic bond breaking?

Answer 34

When one electron from the bond ends up on each of the atoms involved (ie radicals)

Question 35

What is a heterolytic reaction?

Answer 35

When both electrons end up on one of the formerly bonded atoms (the arrow signals the movement of the electrons)

Question 36

What is a carbon cation classified into and which is most stable?

Answer 36

3 (tertiary), 2 (secondary), 1 (primary) 3 is most stable

Question 37

Why are carboncations more common than carbonanions?

Answer 37

Because carbon is not very electronegative

Question 38

Why vie the geometry of a carboncation?

Answer 38

Planar (sp2) Flat Achiral

Question 39

What donates two electrons in the formation of covalent bonds?

Answer 39

The anion

Question 40

What is the electron donor called?

Answer 40

A nucleophile

Question 41

Charge of nucleophiles?

Answer 41

Either neutral or negatively charged, with a lone pair of electrons it electrons in Pi bonds

Question 42

What is the electron acceptor called?

Answer 42

Electrophile

Question 43

Charge of electrophiles?

Answer 43

Neutral or positive

Question 44

What sort of reaction occurs when a nucleophiles reacts with an electrophile to form a new covalent bond?

Answer 44

A polar reaction

Question 45

Three types of reaction classifications?

Answer 45

Substitution Addition Elimination

Question 46

What is a substitution reaction?

Answer 46

When one atom or group is replaced by another through the breaking and formation of sigma bonds

Question 47

What is an addition reaction?

Answer 47

When a Pi bond is broken and replaced by two new Pi bonds (ie; the products are less saturated)

Question 48

What is an elimination reaction?

Answer 48

When two sigma bonds are broken to form a new Pi bond (ie; products are more unsaturated)

Question 49

What is a regeant?

Answer 49

The "non carbon" bit