Block 2

Question 1

what is the transcription rate, in nucleotides per second, in eukaryotes?

Answer 1

40 nucleotides per second

Question 2

what does the cell theory state

Answer 2

all organisms are made of cells and all cells come from pre-existing cells

Question 3

what is the primary aim of the cell cycle

Answer 3

produce two daughter cells that are genetically and functionally identical to the parent cell

Question 4

what is interphase made up of

Answer 4

G1 Growth, S Synthesis, G2 Growth

Question 5

what happens during G1 growth phase

Answer 5

cell replicates all organelles except DNA and nucleus, replication of centrosomes begin.

Question 6

what happens during synthesis S

Answer 6

DNA strands separated and replicated (DNA replication)

Question 7

what happens during G2

Answer 7

checks for completion of DNA synthesis, finishes up replication of centrosomes

Question 8

describe mitosis

Answer 8

continuous process where nuclear membrane dissolves, two copies of DNA are separated and reform as two nuclei. Four phases in total

Question 9

what are the four (five) phases in mitosis

Answer 9

prophase, (pro metaphase), metaphase, anaphase, telophase

Question 10

what are centrosomes

Answer 10

two centrioles

Question 11

when do centrosomes replicate

Answer 11

interphase

Question 12

what occurs during prophase

Answer 12

chromatin forms chromosomes, mitotic spindle begins to form

Question 13

what happens during prometaphase

Answer 13

nuclear envelope dissolves, spindle fibres looking for chromosomes kinetochore

Question 14

what happens during metaphase

Answer 14

chromosomes complete migration to the middle of the cll, known as the metaphase plate

Question 15

wha tahppens during anaphase

Answer 15

kinetochore disassembles, microtubules drag chomorosomes to the two poles of the cells

Question 16

what happens during telophase

Answer 16

nuclear envelope re-forms, spindle disintegrates, two new nuclei form

Question 17

what occurs during cytokinesis

Answer 17

cell division begins, actin-myosin ring causes plasma membrane to state pinching in. Cytoplasm divides

Question 18

when does cytokinesis occur

Answer 18

immediately after mitosis

Question 19

what is the G0 state

Answer 19

the state of non-dividing cells

Question 20

what are some checkpoints of the cell cycle

Answer 20

G1 to S, G2 to M, M (SAC, between m,metaphase and anaphase)

Question 21

where does cell cycle regulation occur

Answer 21

at the checkpoints

Question 22

what is an MPF

Answer 22

mitosis promoting factor, composed of two distinct polypeptide subunits

Question 23

what does a mitosis promoting factor do

Answer 23

induces mitosis

Question 24

what ar the two polypeptide subunits in a MPF

Answer 24

CDK protein kinase, cyclin

Question 25

what happens without effective cell cycle checkups

Answer 25

tumours form

Question 26

what are two aspects of DNA mutation that result in cancer

Answer 26

proto oncogenes become oncogenes which promote uncontrollable cell replication, tumour suppressor genes become inactive

Question 27

what is normal control of cell cyle

Answer 27

a balance of proto-oncogenes (RAS) and tumour suppressing genes

Question 28

what are the names for small benign and larger benign tumours

Answer 28

polyp and adenoma

Question 29

what is the name for a large malignant tumour

Answer 29

carcinoma

Question 30

how does cancer spread to other parts of the body

Answer 30

through body fluids such as blood and lymph