Blood

Question 1

What is the hematopoietic system

Answer 1

Blood components and organs that are involved in the production of blood

Question 2

Describe hemoglobin, hematocrit

Answer 2

• Hematocrit: the ratio of the volume of red blood cells to the total volume of blood
• Hemoglobin: a protein contained in RBC’s that binds to O2 to transport to cells

Question 3

What are RBC’s

Answer 3

• Also called Erythrocytes
• they make up 99% of formed elements

Question 4

How are RBC produced and what is their lifespan

Answer 4

• The production of RBC’s is stimulated by Erthroprotein which is secreted by the kidneys
• they come from bone marrow and can take up to 5days to emerge
• the normal lifespan is rougly 4 months

Question 5

define Anemia

Answer 5

A lower than normal amount of hemoglobin or RBC’s
Iron deficincy is the most common type of anemia

Question 6

What is a hemolytic disorder

Answer 6

disorder that is related to the breakdown of RBC’s

Question 7

Define hemostasis

Answer 7

the mechanism that leads to cessation of bleeding from a blood vessel

Question 8

define homeostasis

Answer 8

A state of balance among all the body systems needed for the body to survive and function correctly.

Question 9

What are the 5 types of white blood cells

Answer 9

1. basophils
2. eosinphils
3. neutrophils
4. monocytes/macrophage
5. lymphocytes

Question 10

What is do basophils do and what is their lifespan

Answer 10

• Contain histamine granules and other substances that are relased during inflammation
• make up less than 1% of WBC
• last roughly a few hours to a few days

Question 11

What is do eosinphils do and what is their lifespan

Answer 11

• Released during allergic response
• relase a chemoactive substance that damages or kills parasitic invaders
• the chemoactive substance can cause bronchospams
• accounts for 1-3% of WBC’s
• lives 8-12 days

Question 12

What is do Neutrophils do and what is their lifespan

Answer 12

• Protect body from infection
• first reponsders to foreign invasion
• Destroy invaders by Phagocytosis
• accounts for 50-70% of WBC
• 6 hours to a few days

Question 13

What is do Monocytes do and what is their lifespan

Answer 13

• Mature in the blood and become macrophages
• function mainly as scavengers for the tissue
• first line of defense in inflammation

Question 14

What is do lymphocytes do and what is their lifespan

Answer 14

• Mainly found in lymphoid tissue
• also circulate the blood and lympth system
• 2 types of:
• B lymphocytes
• T Lymphocytes

Question 15

What are platlets and what do they do

Answer 15

• Smallest formed element
• responsible for clotting
  *

Question 16

What is Thrombopoietin?

Answer 16

Thrombopoietin is the primary regulator of platelet production

Question 17

How does hemostasis occur?

Answer 17

1. Injuries to tissues causes chemicals to release causing vasoconstriction
2. platlets will travel down the lumen to the affected site and adhere to the damaged area forming a Platelet plug (this is primary hemostasis
3. The plug is strengthen by fibren which polymerizes to the platlets to form a fibermesh (this is secondary hemostasis)
4. When the clot needs to be dissolved the fibrinolysis cascade is activated which dissolves the fibrin into Fibrin splint products

Question 18

What is fibrinolysis

Answer 18

Bodys natural way of breaking down clots and preventing unwanted clots

Question 19

What is the normal blood volume for a male, women and 1 year old

Answer 19

• Male: 70ml/kg
• Women: 65ml/kg
• 1 year old: 800ml

Question 20

What is blood made up of?

Answer 20

formed elements and plasma

Question 21

What is plasma made up of

Answer 21

• 92% water
• 8% protein, electrolytes, clotting factors, glucouse, albumin, globulin and fribrin

Question 22

What makes up formed elements

Answer 22

1. RBC’s (eythrocytes)
2. WBC’s (leukocytes)
3. Platelets

Question 23

What happens when the body loses to much blood

Answer 23

• The body cant handle losing more than 20% of total blood
• Hypovolemic shock can develop if blood lose happens to rapidly

Question 24

What are the 3 main organs involved in RBC production

Answer 24

1. Bone marrow (primary cell production)
2. Liver
3. spleen

Question 25

What does the liver do for the blood

Answer 25

* Filters blood and removes toxins which is essential to maintaing homeostasis * old RBC get broken down into bile * also stores blood

Question 26

What does the spleen do for blood

Answer 26

* involved in breaking down and filtering and assisting with WBC's production * Stores 1/3 of the platelets the other 2/3 are in the blood circulating

Question 27

what is ph and what is the normal blood pH

Answer 27

pH is the measurement of H+ ions 7.35-7.45

Question 28

What is the main buffer system

Answer 28

Bicarbonate buffer system

Question 29

What is acidosis and alkalosis

Answer 29

* **Acidosis:** high concentration of H+ ions and therfore blood is more acidic, pH less than 7.35 * **Alkalosis:** Low concentration of H+ ions therefore blood is more basic, pH more than 7.45

Question 30

What does acidosis cause

Answer 30

* neurons become less excitable * CNS depression occurs: PT becomes confused and disorientated * **Severe acidosis:** * respiratory system become impaired * potential death for PT

Question 31

What does Alkalosis cause

Answer 31

* Neurons become hyperexcitable: causes action potentials to fire at the smallest signal * Starts at sensory changes, numbness tingling and muscle twitching * **Severe alkalosis:** * Muscle twitches become sustained contractions * can cause paralyzed respiratory muscles

Question 32

What is metabolic acidosis and how does the body compensate?

Answer 32

* Accumulation of abnormal acid in the blood * Initally PaCO2 isnt effected but the pH decreases * Body compensates by **Respiratory alkalosis** which is hyperventilating to blow of excess CO2