Blood

Question 1

Composition of blood after its been in a centrifuge

Answer 1

Plasma > RBCs > Buffy coat (leukocytes + platelets)

Question 2

Hematocrit

Answer 2

% of RBCs/ total blood volume

Question 3

Formed elements

Answer 3

RBCS, WBCS, platelets

Question 4

Composition of plasma

Answer 4

Majority of water
Proteins
Carbs, fats, a.a’s
Electrolytes
Gases: O2, CO2

Question 5

Alpha and beta globulins

Answer 5

Transport proteins
Bind to lipids, metal ions, fat soluble vitamins

Question 6

Gamma globulins

Answer 6

Antibodies

Question 7

Rbcs have no

Answer 7

Nuclei or organelles

Question 8

Why can RBCs change shape

Answer 8

Due to spectrin
-biconcave
-can generate ATP aneraobically

Question 9

Hemoglobin

Answer 9

2 alpha, 2 beta chains
4 heme groups, each have an Fe that binds O2

Question 10

How do adults produce RBCs

Answer 10

From the red bone marrow in the axial skeleton + long bones

Question 11

How to fetuses produce RBCs

Answer 11

1. Yolk sac
2. Liver + spleen

Question 12

Erythropoeisis

Answer 12

Hemocytoblast —> reticulocyte —> erythrocyte

Question 13

What does erythropoeisis require?

Answer 13

Proteins + lipids + carbs
Fe, B12 + folic acid

Question 14

How is intracellular iron stored?

Answer 14

Protein-iron complexes
Ferritin + hemosiderin

Question 15

How is circulating iron transported?

Answer 15

Transferrin

Question 16

Describe the regulation of erythropoeisis

Answer 16

1. Low O2
2. EPO stimulates
3. Erythropoeisis
   -enter the blood stream, alive for 120 days
4. Damaged RBCs —> liver, spleen, bone marrow, Hb broken down
5. Heme breaks down into bilirubin
6. Bilirubin picked up from blood from liver —> intestine —> sterocobilin —> excreted into feces

Question 17

Anemia

Answer 17

Symptom, not a disease
Blood having low oxygen carrying capacity

Question 18

Hemorrhagic anemia

Answer 18

Low oxygen due to blood loss

Question 19

Hemolytic anemia

Answer 19

Low oxygen due to blown up RBCs

Question 20

Aplastic anemia

Answer 20

Low oxygen due to destruction of red bone marrow

Question 21

Iron deficiency anemia

Answer 21

Low oxygen due to inadequate consumption of Fe containing foods or impaired iron absorption

FE needed in erythropoeisis

Question 22

Pernicious anemia

Answer 22

Low oxygen due to deficiency of vitamin b12
Lack of intrinsic factor

Question 23

What is intrinsic factor needed for

Answer 23

Absorption of vitamin b12

Question 24

Sickle cell anemia

Answer 24

Due to defective gene, mutated beta chain of Hb
-release of oxygen —> blood cells become deformed + block the flow of blood

Question 25

Polycythemia

Answer 25

Increased RBCs taking up blood volume

Question 26

Absolute polycythemia

Answer 26

Increased RBCs due to increase in mass of RBCs

Question 27

Relative polycythemia

Answer 27

Increased RBCs due to decrease in plasma volume

Question 28

Two types of absolute polycythemia

Answer 28

- increased mass of RBCs 1. Primary polycythemia 2. Secondary polycythemia: increased EPO

Question 29

Most to least amount of leukocytes

Answer 29

Neutrophils Lymphocytes Monocytes Eosinophils Basophils Never let monkeys eat bananas

Question 30

All granulocytes are ____

Answer 30

Phagocytic cells

Question 31

Neutrophils

Answer 31

Multi-lobed nuclei Bacteria slayers 2 types of granules Rolling —> Capture —> Adhesion/activation —> spreading —> extravasation —> phagocytosis

Question 32

Eosinophils

Answer 32

Bilobed nuclei Red granules Used for multicellular parasites + allergy/asthma

Question 33

Basophils

Answer 33

U/S shaped nuclei Big purple granules Release histamine —> turn into mast cells

Question 34

2 types of agranulocytes

Answer 34

Lymphocytes (spherical nucleus) + monocytes (kidney bean nucleus)

Question 35

Monocytes leave circulation through ____ and turn into macrophages

Answer 35

Diapedesis

Question 36

Platelets

Answer 36

Cell fragments Differentiate from megakaryocyte No nucleus, but have granules, mitochondria, cytoskeleton, glycogen

Question 37

2 types of granules released by platelets

Answer 37

Alpha granules: clotting factors (5-HT, ADP)

Question 38

How are platelets kept inactive

Answer 38

By NO, and PGI2 secreted by endothelium

Question 39

Leukopoeisis

Answer 39

Formulation of leukocytes

Question 40

How is leukopoiesis stimulated?

Answer 40

Through interleukins and CSFs (colony stimulating factors)

Question 41

Stem cell that everything originates from

Answer 41

Hematocytoblast

Question 42

What types of cells do not originate from the myeloid stem cell

Answer 42

Lymphocytes (B cells and T cells) Hematocytoblast —> lymphoid cell + myeloid cell Myeloid cell —> eosinophils, basophils, macrophages, neutrophils, platelets

Question 43

Hemostasis

Answer 43

Blood clotting 1. Vasospasm 2. Platelet plug 3. Coagulation

Question 44

Describe VASCULAR SPASM

Answer 44

Caused by 3 stimuli 1. Injury to smooth muscle of blood vessels 2. Endothelial cells + platelets secrete chemicals 3. Pain reflexes

Question 45

Formation of platelet plug

Answer 45

injury to endothelium exposes collagen -platelets not inhibited anymore —> bind to collagen -von-willebrand factor increases binding to collagen -platelets secrete: -5-HT + Thromboxane A2 —> vasoconstriction -ADP + thromboxane A2 —> platelets get more sticky and stick together

Question 46

Describe coagulation: intrinsic pathway

Answer 46

Exposed collagen 12 —> 11 —> 9 —(+factor 8 and calcium)—> Factor 10

Question 47

Extrinsic pathway

Answer 47

Tissue factor (3) —> 7 —> 10 7 + calcium = factor 9 + factor 8 + ca = factor 10

Question 48

Common pathway

Answer 48

Factor 10 (+ 5, calcium, PF3) —> Prothrombin activator Prothrombin —> thrombin Fibrinogen (1) ——> fibrin Fibrin + factor 13 —-> cross linked fibrin

Question 49

What is clot retraction

Answer 49

Making the clot more stable by squeezing serum out of the fibrin strands

Question 50

How can clots be repaired?

Answer 50

—> Fibroblasts —> platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)= rebuild BV wall —> vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) = rebuild endothelial cells

Question 51

How do we prevent clots from getting too big? (2)

Answer 51

Inhibiting thrombin Via: —> heparin —> fibrin (negative feedback) —> anti-thrombin 3 Prevent undesirable clotting -PGI2, NO, heparin inhibits platelets from sticking -vitamin e quinone -no collagen being exposed by the endothelial lining

Question 52

Thrombus

Answer 52

Clot in an unbroken blood vessel

Question 53

Embolus

Answer 53

Freely floating clot

Question 54

Factor 1

Answer 54

Fibrinogen

Question 55

Factor 2

Answer 55

Prothrombin

Question 56

Factor 3

Answer 56

Tissue factor

Question 57

factors that require vitamin K (and inhibited by warfarin)

Answer 57

2, 7, 9, 10