Blood function

Question 1

What are the 3 key functions of the blood?

Answer 1

Transport
Regulation
Protection

Question 2

What are the 4 features of transport?

Answer 2

• Respiration
• Nutrient carrier from GIT
• Transportation of hormones form endocrine gland
• Transport of metabolic waste

Question 3

What are the 3 features of regulation?

Answer 3

• Regulation of pH
• Regulation and maintenance of body temperature
• Maintenance of cells’ water content

Question 4

What are the 3 features of Protection?

Answer 4

• WBC protect against disease by phagocytosis
• Reservoir for substances such as water, electrolytes, etc
• Haemostasis

Question 5

What is the composition of blood?

Answer 5

Plasma (55%)
Buffy coat- leukocytes and platelets (<1% of whole blood)
Erythrocytes (45% of whole blood)

Question 6

What is whole blood?

Answer 6

• Slightly alkaline (pH- 7.35-7.45)
• 8% of body weight
• 5x more viscous than water

Question 7

What is plasma?

Answer 7

• Straw coloured and sticky
• 55% of bodies total blood volume
• 90% water
• Solutes include proteins and non-proteins

Question 8

What is the composition of plasma?

Answer 8

• Albumin (60%)
• Globulins (35%)
• Fibrinogen (4%)
• Other (<1%)

Question 9

What are the features of albumin?

Answer 9

• Globular protein
• Synthesised in liver
• Plasma conc of 35-50mg/mL
• 19 day half life

Question 10

What is the function of albumin?

Answer 10

• Maintains oncotic pressure
• Controls pH
• Binding and transport- hormones, nutrients, metal ions, drugs, etc

Question 11

What is a1 globulin?

Answer 11

a1- antitrypsin
Important in inflammation

Question 12

What is a2 globulin?

Answer 12

Example= hepatoglobin, facilitates Hb clearance
a2- macroglobin, antiprotease binds to cytokines & GF

Question 13

What is b-globin?

Answer 13

Example: transferrin, iron binding & transport
Plasminogen pre-cursor of plasmin & WBC migration

Question 14

What is y- globin?

Answer 14

IgG (75%), IgA (15%), IgM (10%), IgD (0.2%), IgE (0.002%) fight off infection

Question 15

What is Fibrinogen?

Answer 15

2nd Haemostasis, wound healing, inflammation, forms fibrin fibres- used for blood clotting

Question 16

What is the other <1%?

Answer 16

• Coagulation factors & inhibitors
• Electrolytes
• Nutrients
• Hormones

Question 17

What are Leukocytes?

Answer 17

White blood cells

Question 18

What are Erythrocytes?

Answer 18

RBC

Question 19

What are Thrombocytes?

Answer 19

Platelets

Question 20

What do Haematopoietic stem cells form?

Answer 20

Common myeloid progenitor
OR
Common lymphoid progenitor

Question 21

What do common myeloid progenitors form?

Answer 21

Erythrocytes
Mks= platelets
Myeloblasts

Question 22

What do myeloblasts form?

Answer 22

Basophil
Neutrophil
Eosinophil
Monocyte

Question 23

What does common lymphoid progenitor form?

Answer 23

Lymphoblast

Question 24

What does a lymphoblast form?

Answer 24

T or B lymphocyte

Question 25

What are agglutinogens?

Answer 25

Antigens Specific proteins located on RBC wall- basis for blood group classification

Question 26

What are Agglutinins?

Answer 26

Antibodies Plasma antibodies that act against agglutinogens not present on a persons own RBC

Question 27

What is the universal recipient?

Answer 27

AB+

Question 28

What is the universal donor?

Answer 28

O-

Question 29

what is Rhesus (Rh) blood group

Answer 29

- Based on ion- channel antigen on RBC membrane - Rh- more common in the west (15%) than in Asia or Africa (1%)

Question 30

What is the humoral reaction to Transfusions?

Answer 30

Blood from type A donor Type B recipient Donor RBCs agglutinated by recipient plasma Agglutinated RBCs block small vessels

Question 31

What is the cellular reaction to Transfusion?

Answer 31

Immune cells

Question 32

What is the Haemolytic disease of the Newborn (HDN)

Answer 32

First pregnancy= Protected by the placenta blood barrier, mother not exposed to Rh agglutinogens until the time of childbirth Second pregnancy= Antibodies cross barrier, child born with severe anemia

Question 33

What is the treatment for HDN?

Answer 33

Use anti- Rh gamma globulin to mask Rh agglutinogens

Question 34

What is Primary Haemostasis?

Answer 34

-Damage to blood vessel wall - Vasoconstriction - Platelet adhesion & activation - Granule release- increase conc of platelet activators, coagulation factors, vasoconstrictors - Platelet plug formed

Question 35

What is secondary Haemostasis?

Answer 35

damage to blood vessel wall formation of "sticky" platelet plug formation of insoluble fibrin clot

Question 36

What is the activation of coagulation?

Answer 36

Intrinsic pathway FXII Extrinsic pathway FVII Common pathway FX Fibrinogen- Fibrin Crosslinking formed

Question 37

Where does anticoagulation act?

Answer 37

Intrinsic pathway & Common pathway

Question 38

Where does Fibrinolysis (plasmin) occur?

Answer 38

Fibrin

Question 39

What is TXA?

Answer 39

Fibrinolysis inhibitor Stops breakdown of fibrin fibres Stops rapid bleeding