blood structure/function (week 8)

Question 1

functions of blood

Answer 1

gas exchange

homeostasis (regulates body temp/pH/water content of cells)

immunity (WBC)

Question 2

composition of blood

Answer 2

blood plasma + formed elements

(erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes (platelets))

Question 3

formed eleements of the blood

Answer 3

buffy coat (leukocytes/platelets)

+

erythrocytes (RBCs)

Question 4

role of albumin in blood plasma

Answer 4

most abundant plasma protein
(60% of plasma proteins)
creates colloid osmotic pressure

aintains water balance between blood/tissue

Question 5

3 types of globulins and its role in blood plasma

Answer 5

alpha beta = transport proteins binding to lipids/vitamins

gamma = antibodies released by plasma cells in immune response

(36% of plasma proteins)

Question 6

2 types of clotting proteins in blood plasma

Answer 6

4% of plasma proteins

includes fibrinogen/prothrombin

Question 7

overall components of blood plasma

Answer 7

water

proteins
globulins
clotting proteins

nutrients
electrolytes
respiratory gases

Question 8

structure of an erythrocyte

Answer 8

anucleate biconcave discs

change shape to squeeze through capillaries

flexible so less likely to clot

Question 9

factors affecting num of RBCs

Answer 9

health
age
altitude (more RBCs at higher altitudes)

(more abundant in men > women)

Question 10

how much haemoglobin in a RBC (estimate)

Answer 10

280 million molecules

(oxygen binds to iron of each haem group)

Question 11

how does haemopoiesis occur

Answer 11

formation of blood cells
stem cells from red bone marrow

(WBC from yellow bond marrow)

Question 12

mono vs poly phyletic system of creating blood cell types

Answer 12

2 extreme systems:

one stem cell -> all blood cells = monophyletic

x -> RBC/WBC/neutrophils etc

each blood cell has its own stem cell = polyphyletic

x -> RBC
x -> WBC

Question 13

why is haemopoiesis a limited polyphyletic system

Answer 13

2 classes of stem cells

one makes lymphocytes

other makes all types of blood cell

= mix of both systems

Question 14

5 phases to development of blood cells

Answer 14

commitment of the stem cell - what it will produce

proliferation - mitosis

differentiation - specific proteins form eg: haemoglobin

maturation - protein production slows?

release - systemic circulation

Question 15

how does control of erythropoiesis occur - negative feedback

Answer 15

hypoxia detected (decrease O2)
fewer RBCs

detected by kidney releasing erythropoietin

stimulates red bone marrow

enhances erythopoiesis
more RBCs

more O2 being carried

oxygen levels return to normal

Question 16

what are agglutinogens and how do they affect blood type

Answer 16

antigens on surface of RBC

type A = agglutinogen A
B = agglutinogen B
AB = agglutinogen A and B
O = neither agglutinogen A or B

Question 17

how does agglutinin affect blood donations

Answer 17

= antibody

plasma of a person contains antibody to the antigen they dont have

Question 18

why is AB type blood a universal recipient

Answer 18

no antibodies to A or B
so no immune response/ agglutination

Question 19

why is type ) blood a universal donor

Answer 19

no antigens for antibodies in patients plasma to agglutinate to

Question 20

6 antigens of the rhesus blood types

Answer 20

C, D, E - induce immune response
- rhesus positive - most common

c, d, e - dont cause an immune response
- rhesus negative

Question 21

how can the wrong rhesus group being donated affect a individual

Answer 21

no response if done once

no antibodies secreted against rhesus antigens

after the wrong rhesus group is administered antibodies are present = agglutination

Question 22

combinations from parents t inherit blood groups

Answer 22

A:
A from one parent and A or O from other

B:
B from one and B or O from other

AB:
A from one B from another

O:
O from both