body composition

Question 1

What is body composition?

Answer 1

The relative proportion of different components that make up the human body.

Question 2

What are the four tissue types in the Tissue Model?

Answer 2

Nervous, Epithelial, Muscle, Connective

Question 3

What structures are part of nervous tissue?

Answer 3

Brain, spinal cord, nerves

Question 4

What structures are part of epithelial tissue?

Answer 4

Skin and linings of GI and other hollow organs

Question 5

What are the three muscle tissue types?

Answer 5

Cardiac, skeletal, smooth

Question 6

What structures are part of connective tissue?

Answer 6

Fat, bone, tendon, cartilage

Question 7

What are the components of the Structural Model?

Answer 7

Bone, fat, muscle

Question 8

What factors influence structural body composition?

Answer 8

Gender, genetics, age, lifestyle

Question 9

What is the Two-Component Model?

Answer 9

Body = fat mass + fat-free mass

Question 10

What is fat-free mass composed of?

Answer 10

Bone, muscle, vital organs, connective tissue

Question 11

What are the components of the Chemical Model?

Answer 11

Fat, protein, carbohydrates, mineral, water

Question 12

What is anthropometry?

Answer 12

Quantitative measurement of body size and proportions to understand variation and body composition

Question 13

What are examples of anthropometric measurements?

Answer 13

Skinfolds, circumferences, bony widths, lengths, height, body weight

Question 14

Why assess body composition?

Answer 14

Optimize sport performance, Develop weight reduction programs, Determine bone mineral content, Monitor disease-related changes, Track weight/strength goals, Determine health risk

Question 15

List comorbidities associated with obesity.

Answer 15

Type II diabetes, Hypertension, CAD & heart failure, Certain cancers, Dyslipidemia, Stroke, Sleep apnea, Gallbladder disease, NAFLD, Osteoarthritis, Gout, Reduced fertility, Impaired obstetric performance, Reduced agility

Question 16

Obesity ranks as what cause of preventable death?

Answer 16

Second (after tobacco)

Question 17

BMI ≥ 30 is associated with what reduction in longevity?

Answer 17

~7 year decrease

Question 18

Obese children ages 6–9 have what chance of becoming obese adults?

Answer 18

55%

Question 19

What is NEAT?

Answer 19

Non-exercise activity thermogenesis — energy expended from non-planned activity

Question 20

Obese participants sat how much longer per day in research?

Answer 20

164 minutes longer

Question 21

List complications of excessive thinness.

Answer 21

Electrolyte imbalance, Osteoporosis, Fractures, Muscle wasting, Arrhythmias, Edema, Renal disorders, Reproductive disorders

Question 22

What is an eating disorder?

Answer 22

Disturbance in eating behavior that jeopardizes physical or psychological health

Question 23

Name eating disorders.

Answer 23

Anorexia nervosa, Bulimia nervosa, Binge eating disorder, Female athlete triad

Question 24

What is essential fat?

Answer 24

Fat required for normal physiological functioning

Question 25

Functions of essential fat?

Answer 25

Cell membrane structure, Hormone synthesis, Transport fat-soluble vitamins

Question 26

What is storage fat?

Answer 26

Fat stored in adipose tissue for energy supply

Question 27

Where is storage fat located?

Answer 27

Under skin, abdominal cavity, around organs

Question 28

Compare male vs female body composition.

Answer 28

Males: taller, heavier, more muscle, lower fat; Females: higher total body fat

Question 29

Storage fat % (age 20–24)?

Answer 29

Female 15%, Male 12%

Question 30

Essential fat % (age 20–24)?

Answer 30

Female 12%, Male 3%

Question 31

Where is female sex-specific fat stored?

Answer 31

Breasts, pelvis, thighs

Question 32

What is android obesity?

Answer 32

Upper torso/abdominal fat (“apple”) — higher health risk

Question 33

What is gynoid obesity?

Answer 33

Fat in hips/thighs (“pear”)

Question 34

Primary cause of obesity?

Answer 34

Energy intake > energy expenditure

Question 35

Average increase in calorie intake since 1970 (USA)?

Answer 35

445 more calories/day

Question 36

Social causes of obesity?

Answer 36

Advertising, peer pressure, family influence

Question 37

Role of genetics in obesity?

Answer 37

Lowers threshold for development via susceptibility genes

Question 38

Is adipose tissue passive?

Answer 38

No — it is an endocrine organ

Question 39

Examples of adipose-secreted compounds?

Answer 39

Leptin, adiponectin, inflammatory proteins

Question 40

Changes with aging?

Answer 40

↑ Fat mass, ↓ Muscle mass (sarcopenia), ↓ Bone mass

Question 41

Can aging changes be slowed?

Answer 41

Yes — exercise + proper diet

Question 42

Main criticism of height-weight tables?

Answer 42

Do not consider body composition

Question 43

What population were 1983 MetLife tables based on?

Answer 43

White, middle-class, US adults age 25–59

Question 44

Density formula?

Answer 44

Density = mass / volume

Question 45

Assumed fat density?

Answer 45

0.90 g/ml

Question 46

Assumed nonfat density?

Answer 46

1.10 g/ml

Question 47

Why is 1.10 g/ml problematic?

Answer 47

Nonfat density varies by age, sex, race

Question 48

What replaced underwater weighing?

Answer 48

Air displacement plethysmography (BOD POD)

Question 49

Why isn’t densitometry universal gold standard?

Answer 49

Assumptions don’t hold across populations

Question 50

BMI formula?

Answer 50

kg / m²

Question 51

Adult BMI classifications?

Answer 51

<18.5 underweight, 25–29.9 overweight, ≥30 obese

Question 52

Why not use absolute BMI in children?

Answer 52

BMI changes normally with growth — use percentiles

Question 53

Asian populations and BMI?

Answer 53

Higher body fat at lower BMI

Question 54

Major criticism of BMI?

Answer 54

Does not differentiate body composition

Question 55

Better predictor than BMI?

Answer 55

Waist circumference / waist-to-hip ratio

Question 56

Recommended WC measurement location (North America)?

Answer 56

Iliac crest

Question 57

WC predicts what?

Answer 57

Central obesity, CVD risk, mortality

Question 58

Rationale for skinfolds?

Answer 58

Subcutaneous fat correlates with total body fat

Question 59

Two uses of skinfolds?

Answer 59

Compare relative fatness, Predict % body fat via equations

Question 60

Assumptions of skinfold method?

Answer 60

Constant densities, Proper site technique, Constant compressibility, Fixed fat patterning, Fixed internal/external fat ratio

Question 61

Error rate of skinfold prediction?

Answer 61

~3–4%

Question 62

Population-specific equation example?

Answer 62

Yuhasz

Question 63

Generalized equation examples?

Answer 63

Jackson & Pollock, Durnin & Womersley, Peterson, Wang

Question 64

What replaced Sum of Five Skinfolds in CSEP-PATH?

Answer 64

BMI + Waist Circumference

Question 65

Purpose of CSEP-PATH procedure?

Answer 65

Assess health risk via BMI first, then abdominal fat via WC

Question 66

O-Scale measures what?

Answer 66

Adiposity rating, Proportional weight rating, Stanine scale

Question 67

Water % in adipose tissue?

Answer 67

14–22%

Question 68

Water % in bone & muscle?

Answer 68

71–75%

Question 69

Higher resistance = ?

Answer 69

Higher fat

Question 70

Current used in BIA?

Answer 70

500–800 microamps at 50 kHz

Question 71

Error range in BIA?

Answer 71

~3–5%

Question 72

Major limitation of BIA?

Answer 72

Influenced by hydration status

Question 73

What does DEXA measure?

Answer 73

Bone mineral density + body composition

Question 74

Can CT/MRI distinguish SAT vs VAT?

Answer 74

Yes

Question 75

Why are CT/MRI/DEXA not ideal for routine use?

Answer 75

Expensive, cumbersome, require trained technicians

Question 76

Overall conclusion about body composition estimates?

Answer 76

Should be interpreted cautiously