BODY FLUIDS Flashcards by arcie cola

Survival of cells require:

Constant volume and stable composition of the body fluids
Total body fluid volume and solute should be constant
*Intake = output

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______ ANALOGY
- Maintaining water homeostasis is a balancing act. The amount of water taken in must equal the amount of water lost.

WATER TANK

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In steady state water intake= ______

water loss

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______ - MAJOR COMPOSITION OF OUR
BODY
- ______% of the total body weight
- ______ liters ( 70 kg man)
- depends on age, gender, degree of obesity

WATER, 60, 42

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2 major sources of body water:

Exogenous source
Endogenous source

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2 major sources of body water:

______ source - ingested in the form of liquids or in the food (______ ml/day)

Exogenous, 2,100

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2 major sources of body water:

______ source - synthesized in the body through oxidation of Carbohydrates (______ml/day)

Endogenous, 200

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Total water intake - ______ml/day

2,300

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Daily loss of body water:

Insensible fluid loss
Fluid loss in sweat
Water loss in feces
Water loss thru the kidneys (urine)

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Daily loss of body water:

______
- Occurs continually in all living humans thru the skin and the lungs

Skin - by ______
• Minimized by the cornified layer of the skin-______ - excessive loss
• Normal: 300 - 400ml/day; 3-5 li/ day (burn victims)

Respiratory tract - by ______
• 300 - 400ml/day
• Greater loss of fluid from the lungs as the temperature ______ (cold weather where atmospheric vapor pressure is nearly 0)

Insensible fluid loss, diffusion, denudation, evaporation, decreases

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Daily loss of body water:

______
- Highly variable - normal: ______ml/day
- Depends on physical activity and environmental temperature
- Hot weather or heavy exercise - ______ li/hr

Fluid loss in sweat, 100, 1-2

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Daily loss of body water:

______
- = ______ml/day
- Increases in severe diarrhea

Water loss in feces, 100

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Daily loss of body water:

______
- Most important means by which the body maintains a balance between fluid intake and output
- ______li/day - dehydrated person
- ______ li/ day with increase fluid intake

Water loss thru the kidneys (urine), 0.5, 20

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Water occupies two main fluid compartments:

• Intracellular fluid (ICF)
• Extracellular fluid (ECF)
- Interstitial Fluid (IF)
- Plasma
- Transcellular Fluid
- Synovial, peritoneal, pericardial, intraocular, CSF
-1-2 L

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TBW volume = ______ L, ______% body weight

40, 60

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1/3 TBW 15 L, 20% body weight = ______

Extracellular fluid

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2/3 TBW 25 L, 40% body weight = ______

Intracellular fluid

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3/4 ECF 12 L, 80% of ECF = ______

Interstitial fluid

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1/4 ECF 3 L, 20% of ECF = ______

Plasma

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______ Fluid Compartment:
• Fluid of each cell contains almost the same concentration

Intracellular

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______ Fluid Compartment:
• Constitutes approximately 40% of the total body weight ( 25 liters)

Intracellular

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______ Fluid Compartment:
• Separated from the extracellular fluid by a selective membrane —- highly permeable to water only

Intracellular

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______ Fluid Compartment:
• Contains K+, Phosphates, Mg+, SO4, Proteins

Intracellular

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______ fluid compartment:
• All the fluids outside the cells

Extracellular

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______ fluid compartment: • Accounts for about 20% of the body weight

Extracellular

______ fluid compartment: • =15 liters ______ 75% ( 12L) ______ 25% ( 3L) - non cellular part of the blood - communicates continuously with the interstitial fluid thru capillary membrane pores

Extracellular, Interstitial, Plasma

______ fluid compartment: • Contains Na+, CI-, HCO3, Ca++

Extracellular

Each fluid compartment of the body has a distinctive pattern of ______

electrolytes

______ fluids are similar (except for the high protein content of plasma) - ______ is the chief cation - ______ is the chief anion

Extracellular, Sodium, Chloride

______ fluids have low sodium and chloride - ______ is the chief cation - ______ is the chief anion

Intracellular, Potassium, Phosphate

Each compartment must have almost the same concentration of positive charge (______) as of negative charge (______) (______)

cations, anion, Electroneutrality

Positively charged ions slightly greater in plasma than the interstitial fluid due to ______

Donnan effect

*______ - plasma proteins (net negative charge) ---binds cations ( Na, K+)-extra amount of cations in the plasma

Donnan Effect

REGULATION OF FLUID EXCHANGE - Distribution of fluid between IC compartment and the EC compartment is determined by: ______ effect of smaller solutes acting across the cell membrane (sodlum, chloride, and other electrolytes) • the cell membranes are highly permeable to ______ but relatively impermeable to even small ions such as ______ and ______ • water moves across the cell membrane rapidly, and the intracellular fluid remains ______ with the extracellular fluid.

Osmotic, water, sodium, chloride, isotonic

______ - net diffusion of water from a region of high water concentration to a region of lower concentration • The cell can either shrink or swell

OSMOSIS

______ - refers to the number of osmotically active particles in a solution rather than the molar concentration Example: 1 mole of glucose = 1 osm/li 1 mole of NaCl = 2 osm/li)

Osmole

______ refers to the osmolal concentration of a solution expressed as osmoles per kilogram of water

Osmolality

______ - osmoles/ liter of solution

Osmolarity

______ • the precise amount of pressure required to prevent osmosis

Osmotic pressure

______ • amount of pressure that must be applied to prevent the net diffusion of water thru the membrane

Osmotic pressure

______ •Indirect measurement of the water and solute concentrations of a solution

Osmotic pressure

The higher the ______ of a solution, the lower the ______ but the higher the ______ *directly proportional to the concentration of osmotically active particles in the solution *proportional to its osmolarity

osmotic pressure, water concentration, solute concentration

OSMOLARITY OF THE BODY FLUIDS • 80% of the total osmolarity of the interstitial fluid and plasma is due to ______ and ______ ions • 50% of the total osmolarity of the intracellular fluid is due to ______ ions

sodium, chloride, potassium

• Small changes in concentration of impermeant solutes in the extracellular fluid can cause tremendous change in cell volume The body is trying to achieve ______

osmotic equilibrium

• ______ solution (less than 280 mosm/li) - cell swells

Hypotonic

• ______ solution ( 280 mosm/li) - no change

Isotonic

• ______ solution ( more than 280mosm/li) - cell shrinks

Hypertonic

Factors that can cause exchange in extracellular and intracellular volumes:

• Ingestion of water (over hydration) • Dehydration • Intravenous infusions of different types of solutions • Loss of large amounts of fluid from the GI tract (vomiting/diarrhea) • Loss thru sweating or through the kidney

* ______ moves rapidly across cell membranes * cell membrane is almost completely ______ to many solutes

water, impermeable

______ concentration - used by clinicians to assess patients fluid status

Plasma Na+

______ concentration - reasonable indicator of plasma osmolarity

Plasma Na+

Normal Na+ concentration: ______

142 meqs/ liter

______ - plasma Na+ concentration is below normal - can result from loss of NaCl from the ECF or addition of excess water

Hyponatremia

CAUSES of Hyponatremia:

- diarrhea/ vomiting - overuse of diuretics - kidney diseases (excessive secretion of antidiuretic hormone - Addison's disease decrease secretion of hormone aldosterone)

______ - plasma Na+ concentration is above normal - due to loss of water from the ECF or excess sodium in the ECF

Hypernatremia

CAUSES of Hypernatremia:

• diabetes insipidus ( lack of ADH) • excessive sweating • decreased water intake • excessive secretion of aldosterone

______ - Presence of excess fluid in the body tissues Occurs mainly in the ECF (interstitial ) May also involve intracellular fluids

EDEMA

______ EDEMA ______ swelling • CAUSES - depression of the metabolic systems of the tissues - lack of adequate nutrition to the cells - decrease blood flow - decrease 02 and nutrients - depression of cell membrane ionic pumps excess Na+ ions inside the cells osmosis of water into the cells (______) - inflammation increase cell permeability → sodium and other ions diffuse into the interior of the cell → ______

INTRACELLULAR, Intracellular, CELL SWELLING, OSMOSIS

______ EDEMA • Excess fluid accumulation in the extracellular spaces Two General Causes: - Abnormal leakage of fluid from the plasma to the interstitial spaces across the capillaries - Obstruction of the lymphatics (infections of lymph nodes, cancer surgeries) ______ - most common clinical cause of interstitial fluid accumulation

EXTRACELLULAR, Excessive capillary filtration

Major factors that increase capillary filtration:

Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure Decreased plasma proteins Increased capillary permeability Blockage of Lymph Return

Major factors that increase capillary filtration: ______ - excessive kidney retention of salt and water, - high venous pressure and venous constriction - decrease arteriolar resistance

Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure

Major factors that increase capillary filtration: ______ - loss of proteins urine (______ syndrome) - loss of proteins in the skin (burns, wounds) - failure to produce proteins (liver diseases)

Decreased plasma proteins, Nephrotic

Major factors that increase capillary filtration: ______ - infections, prolonged ischemia, burns

Increased capillary permeability

Major factors that increase capillary filtration: ______ - Cancer - Infections - Surgery

Blockage of Lymph Return

______ • Most serious cause and most common cause of edema

Edema secondary to Heart failure

______ - Heart fails to pump blood normally from the veins to the arteries ----- increase venous and capillary pressures ----- increase capillary filtration ----- edema

Edema secondary to Heart failure

______ - second most common * injury to the renal glomeruli / kidney diseases ---- failure to filter adequate amounts of fluid --- salt and water retention ---- EDEMA

Edema caused by kidney retention of salt and water

______ - a. failure to produce normal amounts of proteins ( liver diseases) - b. leakage of proteins from the plasma/ kidneys (infections, nephrotic syndrome) * results from decreased plasma colloid osmotic pressure ---- increased capillary filtration-edema ( protein concentration falls below 2.5 gms /di)

Edema caused by decreased plasma proteins

BODY FLUIDS Flashcards

(68 cards)