1
Q
What are some of the roles of the skeletal system?
A
- Provides support for the body
- Bones allow for muscles, tendons and ligaments to attach
- Allows movement
- Protects organs
- Produces blood cells in bone marrow
- Bones store minerals
2
Q
What are the 5 types of bones?
A
- Long bone
- Short bone (cube shaped)
- Flat bone
- Irregular bone
- Sesamoid bone (small, irregular, embedded in tendons)
3
Q
What are examples of long bones?
A
- femur (thigh)
- ulna & radius (forearm)
- fibula & tibia (calve)
4
Q
What are examples of short bones?
A
- Phalanges (fingers)
- Carpal (wrist)
- Tarsal (toe/foot)
5
Q
What are examples of flat bones?
A
- sternum (chest)
- pelvis (hips)
- scapula (shoulders)
6
Q
What are examples of irregular bones?
A
- vertebrae (spine)
- skull
- pelvis (hips)
7
Q
What are examples of sesamoid bones?
A
- patella (knee)
- elbow
8
Q
What are the 6 types of synovial joints?
A
- Ball-and-socket joint (shoulders, hips)
- Hinge joint (elbows, knees, fingers, toes, ankles)
- Condyloid joint (wrists, ankles, fingers)
- Pivot joint (neck, forearm, radius, ulna)
- Gliding joint (vertebrae, wrist)
- Saddle joint (thumb)
9
Q
What are the 3 main types of joints?
A
- Fibrous or immovable joint (skull)
- Cartilaginous or slightly moveable (vertebrae)
- Synovial or freely moveable joints (hands, feet, arms, legs)
10
Q
What are the roles of the muscular system?
A
- allows movement
- blood circulation
- generates heat
- protects bones
- supports organs
11
Q
What are the 3 types of muscles?
A
- Skeletal muscle (primarily attached to bones via tendon, voluntary)
- Cardiac muscle (forms most of heart, involuntary)
- Smooth muscle (located on walls of internal structures, usually involuntary)
12
Q
What are voluntary muscles made of?
A
fast or slow twitch fibres
13
Q
What is the difference between fast and slow twitch fibres?
A
- Slow twitch - fatigue slowly and are suited to long distance activities
- Fast twitch - fatigue quickly and are suited to short distance speed/power activities
14
Q
What are examples of activities that require slow-twitch muscles?
A
triathlon, cycling road race, race walking, 1500m swimming
15
Q
What are examples of activities that require fast-twitch muscles?
A
javelin, shotput, weightlifting, 100m sprint
16
Q
What are the roles of the circulatory system?
A
- moves substances to and from cells
- circulates blood
- carries oxygen throughout body
- removes waste products
- transports nutrients
17
Q
What are the major components of the circulatory system?
A
- Heart - pumps blood
- Arteries - carry blood away from heart, thick, muscular
- Veins - carry blood towards heart, not as muscular, contain valves
- Capillaries - connect arteries and veins, tiny, deliver oxygen and nutrients to cells, remove waste
- Red blood cells - carry oxygen via haemoglobin
- White blood cells - fight infections
- Plasma - carries nutrients, hormones, waste, gases, glucose and proteins
18
Q
What are the layers of the heart?
A
- Epicardium (protective outer layer)
- myocardium (muscular middle layer)
- endocardium (thin inner layer)
19
Q
Describe the movement of blood through the heart
A
- Deoxygenated blood enters Vena Cava into right atrium
- moves through tricuspid valve into right ventricle
- moves through pulmonary valve into pulmonary artery
- enters lungs
- Oxygenated blood re-enters heart into the left atrium via veins
- moves through mitral valve into left ventricle
- moves through aortic valve into aorta
- enters the rest of the body
20
Q
What do valves do?
A
prevents blood flowing in the wrong direction
21
Q
What would the stroke volume and heart rate be of a fit vs unfit person?
A
Fit - high stroke volume, low heart rate
Unfit - low stroke volume, high heart rate
22
Q
What is stroke volume?
A
The amount of blood pumped during a contraction
23
Q
What is cardiac output?
A
The total amount of blood pumped each minute. Calculate by stroke volume x heart rate
24
Q
What are platelets?
A
Small cells that clot the blood to prevent blood loss and germs entering the body
25
What substances are carried towards and away from muscle cells?
Towards - oxygen, nutrients and hormones via haemoglobin and plasma
Away - carbon dioxide and waste products via plasma
26
What is the role of the respiratory system?
To provide oxygen to the body and remove waste gases
27
What are the major components of the respiratory system?
* Lungs - contain bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli to breathe
* Trachea - carries air in and out of lungs
* Pharynx - carries air, food, and fluid from nose and mouth
* Larynx - protects lower respiratory tract from food and fluid
* Bronchi - directs air to right & left lung
* Bronchioles - carry air to alveoli
* Alveoli - give oxygen to the blood and remove carbon dioxide from the blood
* Mouth, nose and nasal cavity - filters air before it enters the body
* Cilia - moves particles trapped in mucus out of nose
28
How does exercise affect respiration?
Increases the rate of respiration to ensure oxygen can reach the muscles
29
What are the roles of carbohydrates, fats and proteins as fuel sources?
* Simple carbohydrates - gives energy for small periods of time
* Complex carbohydrates - long lasting energy
* Saturated fats - fats that should be consumed least
* Monounsaturated & Polyunsaturated fats - fats that should be consumed regularly
* Protein - good for growth & repair of muscles
30
Give examples of carbohydrates, fats and proteins
* Simple carbohydrates - white bread, potatoes, lollies
* Complex carbohydrates - porridge, wholegrain bread, weetbix
* Saturated fats - butter
* Monounsaturated & Polyunsaturated fats - avocado, olive oil, fish oil
* Protein - red meat, fish, chickpeas
31
Describe the Alactacid system
* System - after movement ATP forms ADP. Creatine Phosphate is broken down to form creatine and phosphate. It can then combine with ADP to produce ATP and movement can occur again.
* Fuel - Creatine Phosphate
* Amount of energy supplied - very limited
* Duration - at max effort 10-12 secs
* Causes of fatigue - Creatine phosphate is exhausted after 10-12 secs
* Waste - none
* Recovery time - 30s-2mins
* Sports - discus, javelin, 100m sprint
32
Describe the Lactic system
* System - Breaks down glucose stored as glycogen through anaerobic glycosis during intense exercise (85-90% intensity) to produce ATP.
* Fuel - Carbohydrate is broken down into glycogen
* Amount of energy supplied - limited
* Duration - 12s-2mins at 90% intensity
* Causes of fatigue - buildup of lactic acid in the muscles
* Waste - lactid acid
* Recovery time - 2mins-2hrs depending on level of lactic acid
* Sports - activities longer than 10s
33
Describe the Aerobic system
* System - During continuous exercise uses oxygen to break down glycogen (carbs) & uses it as energy
* Fuel - Carbohydrates
* Amount of energy supplied - unlimited at low intensity
* Duration - Virtually unlimited at low intensity (60% intensity)
* Causes of fatigue - depletion of glycogen stores
* Waste - water & carbon dioxide (sweating)
* Recovery time - 24-48hrs
* Sports - triathlon, marathon running, 1500m swimming
34
What is inspiration?
* occurs because of the difference in air pressure in the lungs and outside the body
* air pressure in the lungs decreases
* air from outside the body rushes in and fills the lungs
35
What is expiration?
* occurs because of the imbalance of air pressure in the lungs
* air pressure inside lungs increases
* air is forced out to balance air pressure
36
What is exchange of gases?
* alveoli receive air containing high amounts of oxygen and low amounts of carbon dioxide
* blood in the capillaries arrives at the alveoli, which is the opposite (low amounts of oxygen and high amounts of carbon dioxide)
* different percentages of oxygen and carbon dioxide create a pressure difference
* allows oxygen to move from the alveoli into the blood and CO2 to move from the blood to the alveoli, where it is breathed out
PDH
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