Bonding L7

Question 1

The Octet Rule

Answer 1

• Elements tend to gain, lose, or share electrons to acquire a full octet
• In n=1 a full octet consists of 2 electrons and there is only one 1s orbital
• from n=2 to n=7, a full octet consists of 8 electrons. a full s-orbital and a full p-subshell

Question 2

Ionic compounds formed from

Answer 2

• metal and nonmetal
• metals lose electrons
• non-metals gain electrons
• ions can form ionic compounds through electrostatic attractions
• crystal lattice structure

Question 3

d-block element charges

Answer 3

1 to 4, usually 2

Question 4

sn and pb can be

Answer 4

+2

Question 5

d-block cations

Answer 5

• These elects lose electrons from their highest s-sublevel first before losing from their d-sublevel

Question 6

Ionic Bonding

Answer 6

1. Metals transfer electrons to non-metals, and the two form bonds due to the electrostatic attractions between them
2. Cations (metal ions) and anions (non-metal ions) form electrostatic bonds based on opposite charges. (cations and anions may be polyatomic)

Question 7

The forming of an ionic bond is an

Answer 7

exothermic process

Question 8

Strength of an ionic bond

Answer 8

• very strong
• lots of energy to melt or vaporize these solids
• the melting/vaporizing is a very endothermic process in order to break the bond

Question 9

symbols

Answer 9

• H=energy in chem, entropy

- + in front of energy indicates endothermic

Question 10

Factors affecting melting points of ionic solids

Answer 10

• smaller radius=greater melting point
• higher charge= greater melting
• charge is more significant than melting point

Question 11

Properties of Ionic Solids-

Answer 11

• Strong bonds
• Cleave along planes
• Solubility and Conductivity

Question 12

Properties of Ionic Solids- Strong bonds

Answer 12

• Very strong Coulombic forces of attraction between cations and anions
• High melting points
• very hard
• low volatility (don’t evaporate easily)
• can’t smell ionic compounds because ions are tightly held

Question 13

Properties of Ionic Solids- Solubility and Conductivity

Answer 13

• Most are soluble in polar solvents
• They conduct electricity only when molten or dissolved in a polar solvent, as the charged particles are free to move
• The higher the concentration of ions in a solution, the higher the electrical conductivity
• Electric current conducted through solution if there are ions present
• pure water can’t conduct electricity but when you get in water, ions in water and it can conduct electricity
• If solvent has enough particles its a polar substance

Question 14

Covalent bonds

Answer 14

• one atom shares one or more pairs of electrons with another atom so that they both acquire full octets
• occurs between two non-metals

Question 15

Electronegativity and Bond Polarity

Answer 15

• EN= elements ability to attract electrons in a chemical bond
• nonpolar= equal sharing of electrons
• Similar EN but not exact= polar covalent
• Ionic- big EN difference

Question 16

What bonds look like

Answer 16

• Nonpolar covalent looks like a symmetrical circle since its equal sharing
• Polar covalent looks like an unsymmetrical circle with more electrons around more EN element
• Ionic there is no circle because electrons are transferred not shared

Question 17

Polar covalent bonds

Answer 17

• The atom with the higher EN develops a partial negative charge as the valence electrons from both atoms spend more time around it
• The atom with the lower EN develops a partial positive charge, which is equal in magnitude to the partial negative charge of the more EN atom
• These partial charges increase as EN differences increase
• The sum of the particle charges in any molecule or ion is always equal to the overall charge on the species

Question 18

EN charges of bond type

Answer 18

• 0-.5

Question 19

ionic vs covalent basic difference

Answer 19

• ionic transfers electrons

- covalent share electrons

Question 20

Molecular compounds defined

Answer 20

• two or more non-metals bonded together to form a compound

- bonds between atoms are nonpolar covalent or polar covalent

Question 21

polyatomic ions defined

Answer 21

• A combination of non-metals or metals and non-metals bonded together to form a polyatomic ion
• Bonds between atoms are nonpolar covalent or polar covalent

Question 22

Do metals gain or electrons in order to acquire a full octet

Answer 22

lose

Question 23

What possible charges can lead acquire as an ion

Answer 23

+4, +2

Question 24

What possible charges can iron acquire as an ion

Answer 24

+2, +3

Question 25

are ionic solids malleable?

Answer 25

no, do not shape but have sharp edges. If you try and break into pieces