Bio 201 > bone/skeletal system > Flashcards

bone/skeletal system Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the skeletal system made of?

A

Bone and cartilage

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2
Q

List the primary functions of the skeletal system.

A
  • Providing rigid support framework of the human body
  • Allowing movement as muscles pull on bones
  • Providing protection for soft internal organs
  • Storing minerals in the bone extracellular matrix
  • Storing energy in the form of adipose in yellow bone marrow
  • Production of blood cells
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3
Q

What are the functions of bone?

A
  • Attachment sites for muscles
  • Protection of internal organs
  • Storage of calcium and other minerals
  • Production of blood cells
  • Storage of adipose tissue
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4
Q

What type of cartilage is found at the ends of bones where they form joints?

A

Hyaline cartilage

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5
Q

What happens when hyaline cartilage is lost?

A

Leads to osteoarthritis

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6
Q

Where is fibrocartilage found?

A
  • Between vertebrae
  • Within the knee
  • Pubic symphysis
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7
Q

What covers the surface of a typical bone?

A

Periosteum

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8
Q

What is the outer shell of bone that protects the entire bone called?

A

Compact bone

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9
Q

What does spongy bone contain?

A

Red bone marrow

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10
Q

What is the medullary cavity filled with?

A

Yellow bone marrow

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11
Q

What is the function of articular cartilage?

A

Reduces friction at joints

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12
Q

What are the five classes of bones based on shape?

A
  • Long bones
  • Short bones
  • Flat bones
  • Irregular bones
  • Sesamoid bones
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13
Q

What are long bones characterized by?

A

Being longer than they are wide

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14
Q

Give examples of long bones.

A
  • Humerus
  • Femur
  • Ulna
  • Tibia
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15
Q

What is the epiphysis of a long bone?

A

The end of the long bone

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16
Q

What is the diaphysis of a long bone?

A

The shaft of the long bone

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17
Q

What is the metaphysis?

A

The region between the epiphysis and diaphysis

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18
Q

What is the purpose of the epiphyseal plate?

A

Allows bones to increase in length during growth

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19
Q

What does the periosteum contain?

A
  • Blood vessels
  • Nerves
  • Lymphatic vessels
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20
Q

What are short bones typically characterized by?

A

Cube-like shape

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21
Q

What is the primary function of flat bones?

A

Protect internal organs

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22
Q

Give examples of flat bones.

A
  • Cranial bones
  • Sternum
  • Ribs
  • Scapula
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23
Q

What characterizes irregular bones?

A

Do not have an easily characterized shape

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24
Q

What are sesamoid bones?

A

Small, round bones suspended in a tendon or ligament

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25
What is the primary example of a sesamoid bone?
Patella
26
What are the four general classes of bone markings?
* Articulating surfaces * Depressions * Projections * Holes and spaces
27
What is a condyle?
A rounded surface on a bone
28
What is a fossa?
An elongated basin or depression in a bone
29
What is a crest in bone terminology?
A ridge
30
What is the function of a canal in bone?
Passage in bone
31
What are the three types of cartilage?
* Hyaline * Elastic * Fibrocartilage
32
What are chondroblasts?
Cells of cartilage that secrete matrix
33
What are chondrocytes?
Cells that are completely surrounded by matrix in cartilage
34
What type of tissue is cartilage?
Semi-solid connective tissue ## Footnote Cartilage is avascular and covered by perichondrium.
35
What is the function of perichondrium in cartilage?
Provides nutrients to cartilage ## Footnote Perichondrium is dense irregular connective tissue.
36
What type of tissue is bone?
Solid connective tissue ## Footnote Bone can be classified into compact bone and spongy bone.
37
What is the difference between compact bone and spongy bone?
Compact bone is more dense and provides support and protection; spongy bone provides strength and houses red bone marrow.
38
What are osteogenic cells?
Stem cells that replicate and develop into osteoblasts.
39
What is the role of osteoblasts?
Cells that form new bone matrix.
40
What are osteocytes?
Mature osteoblasts completely surrounded by matrix, located in lacunae.
41
What do osteoclasts do?
Break down bone and aid in bone remodeling.
42
What is an osteon?
Structural unit of compact bone.
43
What are concentric lamellae?
Rings of matrix that surround the central canal in an osteon.
44
What is the primary function of trabeculae in spongy bone?
Form a lattice-like network that provides strength.
45
What is ossification?
The process of forming bone.
46
What is the difference between intramembranous and endochondral ossification?
Intramembranous ossification uses a connective tissue membrane; endochondral ossification uses hyaline cartilage.
47
What bones are formed through intramembranous ossification?
Flat bones of the cranium and face.
48
What occurs during endochondral ossification?
Cells in cartilage differentiate into osteoblasts and minerals are deposited on collagen fibers.
49
What happens to the epiphyseal plate during bone growth?
Cartilage on the diaphysis side is replaced with bone, increasing bone length.
50
What are the four zones of activity in the epiphyseal plate?
* Reserve zone * Proliferative zone * Zone of mature cartilage * Zone of calcified matrix
51
How does appositional growth occur?
Osteoblasts in the periosteum form new matrix on the surface of bone.
52
What is bone remodeling?
The process where bone is constantly broken down and new bone is formed.
53
What hormones influence bone health?
* Calcitonin * Parathyroid hormone (PTH) * Growth hormone (GH) * Estrogen and testosterone * Calcitriol
54
What are the steps in bone repair after a fracture?
* Hematoma forms * Cartilage callus forms * Callus is replaced by bone * Compact bone is built around the outer surface
55
What are the types of fractures?
* Closed * Open * Transverse * Spiral * Comminuted * Impacted * Greenstick * Oblique
56
What is hypocalcemia?
Low blood levels of calcium.
57
What role does calcitonin play in calcium regulation?
Inhibits osteoclasts and decreases blood calcium levels.
58
What are good dietary sources of calcium?
* Cheese * Milk * Nuts * Leafy greens * Fish
59
What is the importance of vitamin D in relation to calcium?
Required for the absorption of calcium from the intestine.
60
What are good sources of dietary calcium?
* Cheese * Milk * Nuts * Leafy greens * Fish ## Footnote Important for bone health and various physiological functions.
61
What is the primary importance of Vitamin D?
Synthesized by the body and can be added to foods like milk and cereal for supplementation ## Footnote Essential for calcium absorption and overall health.
62
What is required for the human body to produce Vitamin D?
Exposure to sunlight/UV radiation ## Footnote Vitamin D synthesis is a crucial process for maintaining healthy bones.
63
What are the active forms of Vitamin D?
* Calcitriol * Calcidiol ## Footnote These forms are crucial for calcium absorption in the small intestine.
64
How does Vitamin D facilitate calcium absorption?
Travels through blood to the small intestine ## Footnote Ensures that the body effectively utilizes dietary calcium.
65
What effect does exercise have on bone tissue?
Strengthens bones, leading to thicker and denser bones ## Footnote Lack of exercise can lead to weaker bones and increased fracture risk.
66
What are the consequences of a lack of exercise on bones?
Weaker, lighter bones and increased risk of fracture ## Footnote Regular physical activity is essential for maintaining bone density.
67
What characterizes osteoporosis?
Decrease in bone mass with age ## Footnote Osteoporosis is a major health concern, particularly for older adults.
68
What is the relationship between osteoclasts and osteoblasts in osteoporosis?
Osteoclasts are more active than osteoblasts ## Footnote This imbalance leads to bone loss and increased fragility.
69
How does estradiol affect osteoporosis risk in females?
Rapidly declining levels of estradiol increase risk ## Footnote Hormonal changes during menopause significantly impact bone health.
70
What should you be able to list at the end of the chapter?
Classes of bones and examples of each class ## Footnote Understanding bone classification is fundamental in anatomy and physiology.
71
What anatomical structures must be described in this chapter?
Anatomy of compact and spongy bones ## Footnote This knowledge is essential for comprehending bone function and health.
72
What processes related to bones should be discussed?
Bone growth and formation, and the process of fracture repair ## Footnote These processes are vital for maintaining skeletal integrity.
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