1
Q
What are the four things that make up the skeleton?
A
- Bone
- Cartilage
- Ligaments
- Tendons
2
Q
What do ligaments do?
A
Connect bones to bones
3
Q
What do tendons do?
A
Connect muscle to bone
4
Q
What are the functions of the bone?
A
- structural support
- protection for soft organs and tissue
- allow movement through tendons
- mineral storage
- source of stem cells (bone marrow)
- source of blood cells
5
Q
Inside the bone, there is a large amount of what mineral? Why is this mineral important in the bone?
A
•inside the bone there is a large amount of calcium, this is very important for both function of the bone and the nervous system
6
Q
How is the level of calcium dissolved into the blood controlled?
A
The bone has calcium regulators that allow calcium to be dissolved into the bone
7
Q
Bone is a complex composite material, made up of what two things? At what percentage each?
A
- inorganic - 65-70wt%dry
* organic - 30-35wt%dry
8
Q
What is the inorganic bone made of?
A
- 90% hydroxyapatite (calcium phosphate)
* 10% may be calcium carbonate etc
9
Q
What is the organic part of the bone made of?
A
85-90% collagen
Other proteins and cells
10
Q
What are the four ways bones can be classified by shape?
A
- long
- short
- flat
- irregular
11
Q
What makes a ‘long’ bone?
A
The ratio between length and width is high
12
Q
What classifies a ‘short’ bone?
A
Ratio between length and width is the same
13
Q
What makes a ‘flat’ bone?
A
Thin bones, only slightly curved
14
Q
Where can ‘long’ bones be found?
A
Arms, legs
15
Q
Where can ‘short’ bones be found?
A
Wrist, ankle, knee
16
Q
Where can ‘flat’ bones be found?
A
Skull, ribs
17
Q
Where can ‘irregular’ bones be found?
A
Vertebrae, facial
18
Q
What are the two ways bones can be specified by structure?
A
- compact
- spongy
19
Q
What is the other name for compact bone?
A
Cortical
20
Q
What are the other names for spongy bone?
A
Trabecular, cancellous
21
Q
What is the typical structure of a long bone?
A
- Spongy at the top, with lots or pores.
- Compact bone at the centre, more dense than the spongy bone.
- External part is covered mostly in a fibre membrane, this doesnt cover the ends of the bone where there is cartilage
- Inside the bone there are lots of blood vessels and nerves
- the middle of the bone is compact with a hole in the centre, in this cavity is bone marrow
22
Q
What do the size/amount of the pores depend on?
A
Age, health, nutrition, sex of the patient
23
Q
The fibre membrane covering the majority of the outside of the bone is called what?
A
Periosteum
24
Q
Which part of the bone transmits pain signals to the brain?
A
The periosteum as there is a lot of nerve simulation in the periosteum
25
What is the central hole of the bone called?
The medullary canal/cavity
26
What is the membrane called inside the medullary canal (inside hole of bone)?
The membrane is called the Endosteum
27
What is the bone structure like for compact bones?
Osteon, concentric layers of mineralised bone matrix (like a telescope)
28
What is the structure of spongy bone?
Trabeculae, they are lamellae arranged as rods or plates
29
Why does the balance of spongy and compact bone work well?
This balance works well as the spongy bone is less dense and compensates for the added weight of the compact bone
30
What is at the centre of the osteon structure? And how wide is it?
The osteon central canal, 20 (mu)(*10-6) m
31
What is inside the central canal of the osteon structure?
Blood vessels and nerves
32
What are the very thin canals in between the layers of the osteon?
Canaliculi
33
What do the canaliculi do in the osteon structure?
They transmit info because within these channels are cells and blood flow, these are microcanals
34
What part of the bone provides the strength and hardness, but also has brittle properties?
The inorganic part
35
Which part of the bone provides the flexibility and why?
The organic part; as its made up of collagen which has a unique structure making it flexibile
36
What type of structure does the collagen molecule have?
A triple helix structure, with three chains of proteins
37
What are the three chains of proteins (amino acids) of the collagen called?
* proline
* hydroxyproline
* glycine
38
What are the collagen fibres made from?
The three chains of proteins twist together to form the collagen molecules. The collagen molecules form the collagen fibrils, and then form the collagen fibres.
39
The collagen fibres are relatively short, but have what property?
As the collagen fibres are polymers, they are extremely flexible
40
What are the different sides of the collagen fibres made up of?
Inorganic and organic parts
41
What does the inorganic part of the collagen fibre form?
The inorganic part, the ceramic made up of mostly hyroxypatite forms hydroxyapatite crystals that nucleate and grow in specific positions in order to form a mineralised matrix
42
How does the collagen become a mineralised matrix?
Collagen is an unmineralised matrix, but when hydroxyapatite crystals form on the top of it, it forms a mineralised matrix
43
What does the mineralised matrix of the collagen provide?
It provides the flexibility, strength and hardness
44
What are the three main types of bone cells?
* osteoblasts
* osteoclasts
* osteocytes
45
What are osteoblasts?
* They form the bone matrix
* They have only one nucleus-mononucleated cells
* They arrange themselves in lines
* They are formed by the bone marrow, when stem cells differentiate into osteoblasts
46
What are osteoclasts?
* They are large cells
* They are multinucleated
* They stay on the surface or the bone
* They are produced by white blood cells
* They detect any cracks or defects inside the bone structure and dissolve/breakdown the bone and reabsorb the bone
47
What are osteocytes?
* They are osteoblasts that have been embedded in the bone matrix; they transformed into osteocytes
* they are extremely smart cells, they regulate all processes for bone formation and resorption
* they have extension that allows them to communicate with eachother
* they are generally located in small channels and pore
* they regulate calcium concentration aswell as oxygen levels
* they get all nutrients from the blood vessels
48
What are the black dots/pores called?
lucunae
49
Why can bone be remodelled for our entire life?
Due to the three main bone cells; osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes
50
As soon as the osteocytes identify stress within the bone, what do they do?
They transmit signals in order for the osteoclasts to move to the localised area
51
Once in the localised area, what do osteoclasts do?
Once in the localised area, osteoclasts produce enzymes (acid phosphate) to absorb the bone, starting from the central canal area
52
After the damaged bone is removed, what happens next?
After the damaged bone is removed, osteoblasts locate and form new bone, starting by depositing a layer of collagen giving the un-mineralised bone matrix
53
What do osteoblasts deposit on top of the collagen, once the damaged bone is removed?
The osteoblasts then deposit enzymes (hydroxyapatite enzymes) on top of the collagen layer, which facilitate the generation of bone, forming mineralised bone structure
54
Even if no cracks/defects are present, what percentage of the bone is remodelled each year?
5-10%
55
If osteoblasts become trapped in the bone matrix, what do they become?
osteocytes
56
What causes osteoporosis?
This is caused when the rate of bone formation from osteoblasts is lower than the rate of bone resorption from the osteoclasts. This depends on several parameters, any stress or microstress/loads will be communicated towards these sites, and improve bone formation- this is why physical activity is important
57
What was found for bedridden patients that had no load on the bones?
It was shown that bedridden patients that had no load on the bones would loose mass as the bone density will decrease.
58
Why would the bone density of bedridden patients decrease?
This is because the remodelling process of the bones becomes weakened. The trabecula structure becomes very weak. This is why it is important for the patients to do some exercise so that the osteocytes feel some stresses/loads continuously
59
What will happen if you do a lot of physical exercise?
If you do a lot of physical exercise you will increase in mass, as the trabecula will become thicker, the osteons will become larger so your bone mass will be higher
60
What is stress shielding?
A lot of materials used for bone substitution are titanium alloys, stainless steels etc. These metals have very different mechanical properties to the bone. The Youngs Modulus of these materials is much higher than that of the bone. For this reason, when using these metals, the load is taken by the bone substitute, meaning that the osteocytes will not sense the stresses as the bone doesn't take the majority of the load. This means bone remodelling is slower, and patient loses bone mass.
Biomedical Engineering
flashcards
Decks in class (13)
# Cards
-
Biomed Basics22
-
Bone Structure60
-
Biology Musculoskeletal System48
-
Introduction to the Spine96
-
MAGEC Rods as a Solution to the Paediatric Scoliotic Spine40
-
MAGEC Rods are not the Solution to the Paediatric Scoliotic Spine26
-
MAGEC Rods as a Piece of Mechanical Engineering59
-
Medical Device Regulations and Regulators62
-
Pre-clincal Testing, Introduction to Market and Post-Market Surveillance of MAGEC Rods47
-
The Nervous System76
-
Electromyography49
-
The Reality of Myoelectric Prosthesis Control52
-
Research Ethics46
