what is endochondral ossification
process in which an initial small hyaline cartilage version grows and turns into bone
what is at each end of a bone
- an epiphysis
- an epiphyseal growth plate
- Metaphysis
- Diaphysis is found between the two ends
growth plate of hyaline cartilage ossifies =
bone growth ceases
what is the outer cortex
dense, strong, heavy and COMPACT
what is the inner medulla
porous, weaker, lighter and SPONGY
what is the periosteum
fibrous connective tissue ‘sleeve’ VASCULARISED
what is the nutrient vessel
artery and vein (they carry blood to/ from medullary cavity)
what are the 3 fossae in which the cranial cavity is divided into
- anterior cranial fossa
- middle cranial fossa
- posterior cranial fossa
singular: fossa =
space
what is foramine
a ‘hole’, for cranial nerves and the brains blood vessels to pass in/out of the cranial cavity
what is involved in the axial skeleton
- bones of the skull
- bones of the neck
- bones of the trunk
what is involves in the appendicular skeleton
- bones of the pectoral girdle
- bones of the upper limbs
- bones of the pelvic girdle
- bones of the lower limb
how many vertebrae are there in total
33
where does the intervertebral foramen form and what emerges here
between adjacent vertebrae and spinal nerve emerge here
where are the facet joint between and what is it affected by
between articular processes of 2 adjacent vertebrae and is affected by arthritis
what do all cervical vertebrae have
foramen in each transverse process
describe the C1 - atlas
- does not have a body or spinous process
- it has a posterior arch and an anterior arch instead
describe the C2 - axis
- has an odontoid process
- projects superiorly from body
describe C7
vertebrae prominens
describe the bones of the chest
- 12 pairs of ribs
- true rib = 1-7
- false ribs = 8-10
- floating ribs 11,12
what are the bones of the appendicular skeleton
the pectoral girdle and pelvic girdle
what are the bones of the appendicular skeleton
the upper limb and lower limb
what does the pectoral girdle include
2 scapulae and 2 clavicles
what does the pelvic girdle include
the 2 hip bones and the sacrum
