bones #3

Question 1

What are the three types of body membranes?

Answer 1

Mucous Membrane, Serous Membrane, Cutaneous Membrane

Mucous membranes are found in digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts. Serous membranes are found in closed body cavities like the lungs and abdomen. Cutaneous membranes are found in the skin.

Question 2

What is the function of the mucous membrane?

Answer 2

Secretes mucus to keep tissue moist and trap debris

Question 3

What is the function of the serous membrane?

Answer 3

Reduces friction between organs

Question 4

What is the function of the cutaneous membrane?

Answer 4

Protects body surface, prevents water loss

Question 5

What is regeneration in tissue repair?

Answer 5

Damaged tissue replaced with same cell type (restores function)

Question 6

What is fibrosis in tissue repair?

Answer 6

Damaged tissue replaced with scar tissue (fibroblasts, less functional)

Question 7

List the functions of bone.

Answer 7

• Support and protection
• Movement (attachment for muscles)
• Mineral storage (calcium, phosphate)
• Blood cell production (hematopoiesis)
• Energy storage (yellow marrow = fat)

Question 8

What are the four shapes of bones?

Answer 8

• Long
• Short
• Flat
• Irregular

Question 9

What is the diaphysis of a long bone?

Answer 9

Shaft

Question 10

What are the ends of a long bone called?

Answer 10

Epiphysis

Question 11

What is the metaphysis?

Answer 11

Growth area of a long bone

Question 12

What is contained in the medullary cavity?

Answer 12

Marrow

Question 13

What is the periosteum?

Answer 13

Outer covering of a bone

Question 14

What is the endosteum?

Answer 14

Inner lining of a bone

Question 15

Describe compact bone.

Answer 15

Dense, outer layer

Question 16

Describe spongy bone.

Answer 16

Porous, contains red marrow

Question 17

What is the function of red marrow?

Answer 17

Produces blood cells

Question 18

What is the function of yellow marrow?

Answer 18

Stores fat

Question 19

What is an intraosseous line (IO)?

Answer 19

Medical access line placed into bone marrow for fluids/meds

Question 20

What are the functions of osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes?

Answer 20

• Osteoblasts: Build bone
• Osteoclasts: Break down bone
• Osteocytes: Maintain bone

Question 21

What are the organic and inorganic components of bone?

Answer 21

• Organic: collagen → flexibility
• Inorganic: calcium salts → strength & hardness

Question 22

What is ossification?

Answer 22

Process of bone formation

Question 23

What is intramembranous ossification?

Answer 23

Forms flat bones (skull, clavicle)

Question 24

What is endochondral ossification?

Answer 24

Forms long bones (uses cartilage model)

Question 25

What is postnatal long bone growth?

Answer 25

Growth in length at epiphyseal plate

Question 26

What happens during bone remodeling?

Answer 26

Continuous bone renewal

Question 27

What is Wolff’s Law?

Answer 27

Bone grows stronger where it’s stressed

Question 28

What does PTH stand for and what is its function?

Answer 28

Parathyroid hormone; increases blood calcium

Question 29

What is the role of calcitonin?

Answer 29

Lowers blood calcium

Question 30

What does calcitriol (vitamin D) do?

Answer 30

Increases calcium absorption

Question 31

Name three hormones that stimulate bone growth/maintenance.

Answer 31

* Growth hormone * Sex hormones (estrogen/testosterone) * Thyroid hormone

Question 32

What is osteoporosis?

Answer 32

Weak bones, loss of mass

Question 33

What causes rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults?

Answer 33

Lack of vitamin D

Question 34

What is Paget’s Disease?

Answer 34

Abnormal remodeling of bone

Question 35

What is Osteogenesis Imperfecta?

Answer 35

Brittle bone disease

Question 36

What are the structural classifications of joints?

Answer 36

* Fibrous: No movement * Cartilaginous: Slight movement * Synovial: Freely movable

Question 37

List the six components of a synovial joint.

Answer 37

* Articular cartilage * Joint capsule * Synovial membrane * Synovial fluid * Ligaments * Nerves & blood vessels

Question 38

What is the function of the labrum?

Answer 38

Deepens joint socket (shoulder, hip)

Question 39

What is the difference between a tendon, aponeurosis, and ligament?

Answer 39

* Tendon: muscle → bone * Aponeurosis: flat tendon sheet * Ligament: bone → bone

Question 40

What factors contribute to joint stability?

Answer 40

* Articular surface shape * Ligaments * Muscle tone

Question 41

What is a bursa?

Answer 41

Sac with synovial fluid (reduces friction)

Question 42

What is a tendon sheath?

Answer 42

Wraps around tendons

Question 43

What is a sprain?

Answer 43

Ligament tear

Question 44

What is a strain?

Answer 44

Muscle/tendon stretch

Question 45

What is luxation?

Answer 45

Dislocation

Question 46

What is a fracture?

Answer 46

Bone break

Question 47

What is reduction in the context of joint injuries?

Answer 47

Realignment

Question 48

How does cartilage heal compared to bone?

Answer 48

Cartilage heals slowly (poor blood flow); bone heals well (good blood supply)

Question 49

What is osteoarthritis?

Answer 49

Wear and tear

Question 50

What is rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer 50

Autoimmune inflammation

Question 51

What is gouty arthritis?

Answer 51

Uric acid crystal buildup

Question 52

What is Lyme Disease?

Answer 52

Bacterial infection causing joint pain

Question 53

What is the purpose of ibuprofen?

Answer 53

Anti-inflammatory, pain, fever

Question 54

What is the brand name for naproxen?

Answer 54

Aleve

Question 55

What drug class do aspirin and ibuprofen belong to?

Answer 55

NSAID

Question 56

What is meloxicam used for?

Answer 56

Anti-inflammatory, pain, fever