BOOK

Question 1

What is performance management:

Answer 1

• A systematic, data-oriented approach to managing people at work that relies on positive reinforcement as the major way to maximize performance
• An area in the Industrial/ Organizational segment of Psychology, but with an emphasis in Behavior Analysis

Question 2

Demings four M’s

Answer 2

1) Materials
2) Machinery
3) Methods
4) Manpower «_space;Performance management focuses on this

Question 3

DEAD MAN RULE:

Answer 3

• If a dead man can do it, it is not behavior – Ogden Lindsey

Question 4

Behavior is Observable, Common Errors:

Answer 4

• Generalities are not behaviors: “Creativity”…what are the specific behaviors?
• Attitudes are not behaviors: “Safety conscious”…what are the specific behaviors?
• States are not behaviors: “Wearing safety glasses”…what behaviors are required to get this?
• Values are not behaviors: “Honesty”…what are the specific behaviors?

Question 5

PIC/NIC analysis:

Answer 5

• a non-scientific tool for understanding the contributing variables that may influence a particular behavior
• Requires an observant and cognizant person to conduct analysis
• Positive (P) or Negative (N)
  o Consequence adds valued outcome or causes an aversive condition for performer
• Immediate (I) or Delayed/Future (F)
  o Consequence occurs immediately upon behavior or at some future time for performer
• Certain (C) or Uncertain Consequences (U)
  o Consequence is dependable or provides varying/unpredictable outcomes for performer

Question 6

ABC model:

Answer 6

Antecedents (before behavior), anything that prompts people to act
V
Behavior (actions), what we do, what we say
V
Consequences (effects of behavior), what happens to the person as a result of behavior

Question 7

R+
R-
P+
P-

Answer 7

R+ Positive reinforcement: Get something you want
R- Negative reinforcement: Escape or avoid something you don’t want
P+ Punishment: Get something you don’t want
P- Penalty: Lose something you have and want

Question 8

Schedules of reinforcement:

Answer 8

• Continuous Reinforcement (CRF)
  o Every response is reinforced
  o Rarely occurs in work settings
• Intermittent Reinforcement (INT)
  o Occurs naturally
  o Builds up resistance to extinction
  o Satiation unlikely to occur

Question 9

ACORN TEST: evaluate the mission

Answer 9

• Accomplishment: Result, not behavior
• Control: Performer has influence over result
• Overall: Objective Major reason for purpose of job
• Reconcilable: Minimal conflict with other jobs
• Numbers: Data to measure!

Question 10

Three Methods of Identifying Reinforcers (TAO)

Answer 10

• Ask
• Observe
• Trial & Error

Question 11

Characteristics of effective reinforcers:

Answer 11

• C = Controllable
• A = Available
• R = Repeatable
• E = Efficient

Question 12

PIP

Answer 12

1. Business Case:
2. Context
3. Specification:
   a. Is it a measurable, reliable, observable, active act that lies in the sphere of influence of the performer? (Think of the MORCA test)
   b. Is it VGAS? Then it is not a behavior. V = Values, G = Generalities, A = Attitudes, S = Static Conditions (dead man’s test)
4. Measurement plan
   a. Quality
   b. Quantity
   c. Timeliness
   d. Cost
5. Analysis
6. Feedback plan
7. Setting subgoals
   a. First should be low and easily achievable
8. Reinforcement plan
   a. Ratio of 4:1
9. Evaluating and tweaking the intervention
10. Management summary