1
Q
When was Johnson in power?
A
1963-69
2
Q
To what did Johnson increase military advisors in his presidency?
A
23000
3
Q
Who became US commander in SV in January 1964?
A
Westmoreland
4
Q
What was OPLAN 34A, 1964?
A
covert action to gradually increase ‘punishments’ on NV
trying to force Hanoi to reduce aggressive policies
5
Q
What happened at the Gulf of Tonkin, August 1964?
A
3 NV patrol boats attacked USS Maddox and USS Turner Joy
6
Q
How did US respond to NV attack at Gulf of Tonkin?
A
Operation Pierce Arrow (bombers in response)
7
Q
What were Johnson’s approval ratings at after NV Gulf of Tonkin attack?
A
72%
8
Q
When was the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution signed?
A
7th August 1964
9
Q
What was the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution?
A
Johnson given power to do whatever action he felt necessary to prevent further attacks on US forces (confirming his freedom to escalate)
10
Q
Who was supporting NV and NLF by 1964?
A
China and USSR (military support)
11
Q
When and where were the first US troops in Vietnam?
A
De Nang
March 1965
12
Q
How many US troops were there in Vietnam in July 1965?
A
75000
13
Q
What Operation did Johnson implement to try and reduce NV power?
A
Operation Rolling Thunder
14
Q
Why did Operation Rolling Thunder begin?
A
Vietcong attacked US barracks in Pleihu and 8 died (Feb 1965)
15
Q
What was Operation Rolling Thunder? How long did it last?
A
bombing campaign on military+industrial targets
lasted 3 years, meant to be 8 weeks
16
Q
How many people were killed in Operation Rolling Thunder?
A
30000
17
Q
What did the NV say about Operation Rolling Thunder?
A
‘the enemy destroys, we repair’
18
Q
How did NV protect themselves from Rolling Thunder?
A
18 million in bomb shelters, oil tanks shifted underground
19
Q
What was the March 1965 Four Point Proposal?
A
the Vietnamese would determine their own future, no outside influence
20
Q
Why couldn’t Johnson accept the Four Point Proposal?
A
it said SV would solve internal affairs in accordance to the NLF, which may result in a communist state
21
Q
How many US soldiers were there in Vietnam in 1968?
A
543000
22
Q
Why could it be said the war was reaching a stalemate? (half vs total)
A
Johnson was going in for half a war while the Vietnamese were going in for a total war
23
Q
In what way was Johnson going in for half a war?
A
gradual escalation (save energy for his Great Society policy)
24
Q
How many tonnes of supplies were arriving each month from US in 1967?
+
A
1 million
25
What was General Westmoreland's policy towards Vietnam?
Attrition
26
What did Agent Blue do?
caused deprivation of food (killing narrow leaf plants)
27
What did Agent Orange do?
killed wide leaf plants to expose hidden guerilla fighters in the jungle
28
At what degree did napalm (sticky jelly) burn?
800 degrees celcius
29
What were the surprise attacks on Vietnam villages called?
Search and destroy
30
What was the purpose of search and destroy?
'taking the war to the enemy' because Vietcong didn't do open combat
trying to kill all Vietcong suspects
31
How many SV people were supporting the Vietcong in 1964?
50%
32
What Massacre occurred in 1968? How many died?
My Lai massacre
300
33
What did search and destroy policies mean for US opinion?
Increasing animosity towards the US
US population found out in 1969
34
What were other names for the anti-personnel bomb? What did they do?
Pineapple bombs/mother bombs
Released 600 pieces of shrapnel/fibreglass on explosion
35
What did the widespread TV coverage of the war mean for US opinion?
created an anti-war sentiment which divided society and damaged Johnson's war effort
36
Who replaced NV's lost resources?
USSR and China
37
How many recruits from the South did NV have?
200,000
38
Which tunnels hid VC troops? How long were they?
Cu Chi tunnels
75 miles
39
What was the Ho Chi Minh trail?
supply route passing through Cambodia and Laos providing men and equipment
40
What were some Guerilla tactics used by NV?
small groups ambushing the US in the jungle
Booby traps in dense forests, with trip wires setting off mines and grenades
41
When was the Tet Offensive?
January-February 1968
42
Why was there a truce during Tet?
a religious celebration
43
Where did the VC attack during Tet? How many people did they kill?
US bases - most ferocious fighting was around Hue
3000
44
Why was Tet a failure for the VC?
they didn't arouse support from SV like they'd hoped
ended up having 25000 killed and 5000 captured
45
Why was Tet a turning point for US policy?
They had 550,000 troops in Vietnam and yet it was obvious they were nowhere near winning - Johnson's policy of escalation had failed
46
What was the Tet effect?
the psychological defeat from the Tet Offensive - the public's growing disillusionment towards Westmoreland's attrition
47
Who spoke out against Tet and the war on a news special on CBS news? What did Johnson say about it?
Walter Cronkite
'If I've lost Cronkite I've lost middle America'
48
What was the result of the Tet Offensive for Johnson?
He was no longer running for president in 1969
49
When was the first anti-war demonstration? How many people showed up?
December 1964
25,000 in Washington DC
50
What are two examples of people self-immolating as protest to the war?
Norman Morrison outside the Pentagon, 1965
Alice Herz, 1965
51
When did scientists begin protesting against the use of Agent Orange? When was it suspended from use?
1966
1970
52
Who protested against drafting? What did he face?
Muhammed Ali
5 years in prison and stripped of his titles
53
How many anti-war songs were created between 1964-1973?
700
54
Why were anti-war songs a good form of protest?
brought political messages to mainstream culture - an accessible form of protest
55
What happened at the 1970 Kent State University Massacre?
4 students killed and 9 injured by Ohio National guard shooting (and use of tear gas)
56
What were the results of the Kent State University massacre?
4 million students across 1200 schools and colleges protested
100,000 marched on Washington DC 5 days later
57
When was Nixon in power?
1969-1974
58
What were Nixon's main aims in Vietnam?
to achieve 'peace with honour'
quick end to the war, ensuring SV remained independent+non-communist
59
What was Vietnamisation?
withdrawing US forces and replacing with SV forces
60
What was the purpose of Vietnamisation?
to negate growing domestic opposition+strengthen position as president
show NV US was willing to withdraw and negotiate
61
How many members did the ARVN have in 1970?
1 million
62
What was the ARVN like in 1973?
one of the most well-equipped armies in 1973, US bankrolling them with state of the art technology
63
What was a negative impact of Vietnamisation?
the ARVN was very dependent on USA
64
What did inflation rise by due to government spending under Nixon+Vietnamisation?
30%
65
How much did US troops in Vietnam reduce by between 1969-1972?
543000 troops
47000 troops
66
Why did Nixon extend the war into Cambodia and Laos?
damage the supply lines of the Ho Chi Minh trail
try to prevent them turning communist
67
Who was the pro-US general in Cambodia? Who was the leader of the communist movement Khmer Rouge?
Lon Nol
Pol Pot
68
How did extending the war into Cambodia undermine Vietnamisation?
there were 20000 US troops in Cambodia in 1970
69
What and when was Operation Menu?
Invasion force in Cambodia
1969
70
What was Operation Lam Son 719? When was it?
30,000 ARVN troops entering Laos (with US air support but no troops because Congress said no)
1971
71
How many ARVN soldiers died in Operation Lam Sum 719?
50%
72
Were there any positives towards extending the war into Cambodia and Laos?
Not really - NV just moved further into Cambodia and strengthened support for Khmer Rouge
undermined vietnamisation
73
When was the Gulf of Tonkin resolution removed?
June 1970
74
What was triangular diplomacy?
US using the declining relations of the USSR and China to their advantage, to get NV to negotiate
75
Why would China benefit from an alliance with USA?
declining Sino-Soviet relations and China realised they wouldn't benefit from self-imposed international isolation
76
When did Kissinger visit Beijing?
July 1971
77
Why did Kissinger visit Beijing?
trying to get China to pressurise NV into a peace settlement
78
What did NV want USA to do before October 1972?
Replace Thieu with a different leader
79
Who wasn't included in the Paris Peace talks?
South Vietnam
80
What happened in Spring 1972? What did USA respond with?
Easter bombings - showing NV being willing to engage in conventional warfare
Operation Linebacker 1
81
What was decided in the Paris Peace Agreement, 1973?
Ceasefire would begin in January 1973
Each side would keep the areas they controlled at beginning of ceasefire
Prisoners of War would be exchanged
Free elections and eventual reunification of Vietnam
82
How many prisoners of war would be exchanged at Paris Peace Agreement?
591
83
What did Kissinger say in October 1972? (just after paris peace talks)
Peace is at hand
84
What occurred in December 1972?
Operation Linebacker 2
(intense US bombing of Hanoi and other northern cities)
85
How was Operation Linebacker 2 received? Why?
International condemnation - the Pope declared it a crime against humanity
heaviest bombing of the entire war
86
What did Nixon's approval ratings fall to after Operation Linebacker 2?
32%
87
When were all US military forces out of Vietnam by?
March 1973
88
How much did US promise to aid the ARVN by after retreating from SV?
$1 billion in armaments
89
Why did NV win the war?
as soon as Nixon was replaced and they realised US weren't intervening they escalated conventional warfare which ARVN couldn't fight against
90
What is some evidence that the ARVN were reliant on US?
within 3 months of peace, there were 6000 ARVN deaths
91
When did Thieu resign?
21st April 1974
92
When did SV surrender to NV?
30th April 1975
93
How many Americans died in the Vietnam war?
over 58000
94
How many Americans served in the Vietnam war?
2.7 million (9% of population)
95
How much did America spend on the Vietnam war? What did this mean for domestic programming?
$167 billion
not enough funding for it
96
When was SEATO disbanded? Why?
1975
lost its relevance without Indochina
97
What happened in Cambodia after the war? How many died?
Khmer Rouge communist revolution (ideological cleansing, agricultural society)
1 million
98
How many Vietcong died in the war?
1.1 million
99
How many ARVN soldiers died?
100,000-330,000
100
How did Ford try and isolate Vietnam?
not allowing them entry into the UN
imposed a trade embargo to prevent trade links with the West
101
How many tonnes did US drop on Vietnam throughout the war?
1.3 million
102
How many hectares of land did Operation Ranch Hand destroy?
2.4
103
What were southerners forced to submit to now Vietnam was reunified?
re-education camps
104
How many people left Vietnam after the war? How many went to America?
1.5 million
2/3
105
What did collectivisation of agriculture mean for some Vietnamese?
many southern farmers lost their livelihoods
106
What was the 1973 War Powers Act?
the President couldn't engage in war without congressional approval
Cold War
flashcards
Decks in class (16)
# Cards
-
Booklet 151
-
Booklet 7 - The Vietnam War Build Up55
-
Booklet 2 - the division of Germany50
-
Booklet 3 - the widening of the Cold War (Asia)81
-
Booklet 8106
-
Booklet 9 - Sino Soviet Relations33
-
Booklet 9 - Czechoslovakia30
-
Booklet 4 - McCarthyism + red scares20
-
Booklet 4 - Eisenhower's policy and the Arms Race33
-
Booklet 5 - Peaceful Coexistance (the summits)41
-
Booklet 5 - peaceful coexistence (crises in Europe)46
-
Booklet 6 - the Cuban Missile Crisis44
-
Booklet 10 - Detente77
-
Booklet 11 - Proxy wars in Africa38
-
Booklet 11 - USA intervention in South America29
-
Booklet 11 - conflict in Middle east27
