BOT 330 ALGAE

Question 1

what are algae

Answer 1

outcasts who do not have the trais that match any other major kingdoms

Question 2

general unifying trait

Answer 2

lack of maternally nutured embryo, instead has single celled reproductive stages independant of parent

Question 3

What were algae and cyanobacteria critical to

Answer 3

enabling of anerobic respiration and evolution of eukaryotes, calcification of the oceans and removeal of CO2

Question 4

biologial pump concept

Question 5

which algal cycle could possible contribute to cloud and acid rain foration

Answer 5

suphur cycle, the cloud formation could possible contribute to lowing of labedo of ocean surfaces and lower oceanic warming

Question 6

What role does algae play in the nitrogen global pump

Answer 6

Fixation of atmospheric nitrogen to supply and drive the fertility of oceanic ecosystems

Question 7

What are algal bloos and what can they do/damage

Answer 7

Algal blooms are explosion of propugation and growth of species of algaethat can easily smother or posion animals

Question 8

What are potential biotechnical application of algae

Answer 8

biomass generators, artificial lipids, carbs and protein generators

Question 9

commercial name of the algae protein alternative

Answer 9

spirulina

Question 10

What is the biological species concept

Answer 10

species are a group of individuals that can breed an dprodue viable offsping and are reproductivel isolated from other roups

Question 11

why do algae struggle to apply to the BSC

Answer 11

Algae are asexual reproduction only

Question 12

How are algal species defined if the BSC cannot be applied to it

Answer 12

morphological charchteristics that are persistent, consisitent nd reliable

Question 13

What type of cell produces and fixes nitrogen SPECIFICALLY

Answer 13

heterocytes

Question 14

What are the cells adjascent to heterocyets that may becomes filled and elongated by nitrogen

Answer 14

akinates

Question 15

false branch vs true branch algae

Answer 15

false branch algae are often two seperate individuals that collide together and fuse via a dead cell while true branhes are alge that actually form a branch(like a hydra)

Question 16

Chroococales Order Distinguishin features

Answer 16

4-pack of distinct, organellle-less cells, very small(picocyanobacteria) that are solitary or unitary, often are also two dimensional

Question 17

What is the difference between a well defined clear wall and undefined clear wall or pocket

Answer 17

well defined walls around a chroococales are knwn as sheaths while undefined, more blurry edges may be called a mucinnillagoeus or pollysaccharide matrix

Question 18

Oscillatories order distinguishing features

Answer 18

Will often oscillate very slightly, are uniseriate trichome and will have no speciallsed cell(no heterocytes). no defined individuality between cells, may looks like stacks of pancackes

Question 19

Nostocales order distinguishing features

Answer 19

long chains of individual cells, beads on a string and can contain heetrocyees, often has false branching

Question 20

why are heterocytes only sometimes present

Answer 20

heterocytes are inductive rather than constitutive cell types, as they show up only when they are needed for cell survival

Question 21

Inductive vs constitutive

Answer 21

consititutive organs will always be present while inductive organs may only be produced when neccecary

Question 22

Stigonematales order distinguishing features

Answer 22

multieriate and often forms true buddings , often forms heterocyes and akinates

Question 23

Polymorphism

Answer 23

situatios where a single organism may have distinct appearances or gene expression based on conditions or genotype differentiation

Question 24

What are Thykaloid membranes

Answer 24

thykaloid membranes structures of photosystems of xanthophylls that surround a chlorytphyll A

Question 25

three levels of the phtootsystems basal to apical

Answer 25

allophycocyanin, phycocyanin and phycoerythrin

Question 26

What is the reason for having three photosystems

Answer 26

initiate and optimize electron transfer and especially phtoon capture of a range of wavelengths

Question 27

wht is chromatic acclimation

Answer 27

the capability of a cyanobacteria to sense the wavelength of light and optimise their photopigemtns to capture the most of it

Question 28

example of photoacclimation

Answer 28

deep water depths have much higher levels of blue light, which requires red photopigments to caapture them

Question 29

What are Aerophones

Answer 29

sacks of air that cyanobacteria can produce in order to regulate their buoyancy

Question 30

how do bacteria regulate bourancy

Answer 30

While the cyanobacteria is undergoing glycogenesis, it produces more nd more glucose until the interal cellular presur esceeds the aility of the aerophones to stay uncrompresses, by which point they begin to sink into the depths where there is more nuterient availability

Question 31

What is the pressure that causes the aerophones to collapse

Answer 31

turbid pressure

Question 32

What is the moement of cyanobacteria to the bottom of the water colour ad up at day called

Answer 32

buoyancy convery belt

Question 33

why are ost heterocysts inductile

Answer 33

heterocycts are produced only when N is exceedingly low (N;P <10:1)

Question 34

What energy molecule do heterocysts consume to fix nitrogen

Answer 34

NADPH, which converts N2 into ammonia, etc

Question 35

What is the process to produce germlings

Answer 35

Heterocysts produce an excess of N products, which is stored in nearby akinate cells. These eventually become protoplasts

Question 36

what are HNLC

Answer 36

High Macronutrient, Low chloryphyll (areas with high amounts of nutrients but low aount of biomass)

Question 37

What does the cyanobacteria produce to help scavenge for nutrients and minerals like iron

Answer 37

siderophores

Question 38

Main factors that cause algal blooms

Answer 38

Teperature >33, <9m of depth of water coloum and >10.5 degrees temp

Question 39

What two factrs form synergistic relationship swith eachother

Answer 39

Nitrogen(logarithmic) and temperature(logarithmic) are

Question 40

What is stritfication

Answer 40

a distinct temperature different between two levels of water that is able to seperate

Question 41

process of cyanobacteria being blown from shallow water dept to deep water depths

Answer 41

wind driven convery belt

Question 42

What happens when buoyant bacteria is affected by wind driven tradmills

Answer 42

it getspushed to the depths

Question 43

what happens when heavy dinoflagelletes are afffeced by wind driven converybelts

Answer 43

they are brought toward the surface

Question 44

Anatoxins

Answer 44

Neurological targeting toxins that inhibit acetylcholine binding sites and enzymes

Question 45

Hepatotoxins

Answer 45

Degrade liver tissue, causing severe damage and prevention of biliruben production and breakdown

Question 46

What is the beleived connection between toxin production and predation

Answer 46

While toxins appear to supress and reduce feeding behaviour from daphnea, active avoidance and toxins are not strng anti predator strategies(????)

Question 47

What N:P ratio selects for Cyanotoxin production

Answer 47

Low N:P, ~ 20