Botany

Question 1

Why are plants important to humans?

Answer 1

Food, rubber from sap, herbal tea, medic ice, natural insecticides, cotton, and wood

Question 2

What makes a plant a plant?

Answer 2

• Eukaryotic cells
• Multicellular organisms with specialized tissues
• Cell wall with cellulose
• Photosynthesis
• Store glucose as starch
• DNA similarities

Question 3

What organs do plants have?

Answer 3

Stem, leaf, root

Question 4

Why are fungi not plants?

Answer 4

Glucose is stored as glycogen, cell walls are made of chitin, tissues CAN be unicellular, not photosynthetic

Question 5

Why are algae not plants?

Answer 5

• Do not develop embryos
• Don’t have chlorophyll
• Cels/tissues aren’t specialized

Question 6

How are plants classified?

Answer 6

• vascular system, seeds, flowers

Question 7

Describe Bryophytes

Answer 7

Small, found in moist shady areas, no seeds, no flowers, no vascular system

Question 8

Describe Pteridophytes

Answer 8

Have vascular system, no seed, no flower, true tissues, embryo, large leaves called frands

Question 9

Describe gymnosperms

Answer 9

Have naked seeds, vascular system, true tissues, embryo, not a proper clade, have needles

Question 10

Describe angiosperms

Answer 10

Flowers, seeds, vascular system, true tissues, embryos

Question 11

What are the 6 meristems? their functions?

Answer 11

• Shoot apical meristem (produces cells at top of stem)
• Root apical meristem (located at bottom, produce cells at roots)
• Lateral meristems (adds branches to shoot)
• Cork cambium (produces barck and cork)
• Vascular cambium (produces vascular tissues)

Question 12

Growth of plant stages:

Answer 12

1. cell division in meristems
2. Elongation of new cells
3. Differentiation and specialization

Question 13

Types of adult tissues:

Answer 13

Ground (carry out metabolic processes), dermal(protect plant and interact with environment), vascular(transport water, minerals, and sap)

Question 14

Describe Monocot

Answer 14

• 1 cotyledon
• 3 or multiple of 3 leaves
• parallel leaf veins
• VB are spread out in stem
• VB are in circle in root

Question 15

Describe Dicot

Answer 15

• 2 cotyledon
• 4 or 5 leaves
• net array of leaf veins
• VB are in a circle in stem
• VB are in X in root

Question 16

Why is it good to be wood?

Answer 16

• Tree can grow taller

- Lasts longer (has protection)

Question 17

Why is it bad to be wood?

Answer 17

• Secondary growth takes more energy
• Needs a defines mechanism
• Likely to be attacked by animals

Question 18

What does xylem consist of?

Answer 18

• fibers, parenchyma, and conducting cells

Question 19

What must be present for the cohesion - tension model to work?

Answer 19

• continuous water flow

Question 20

What are plasmodesmata?

Answer 20

• holes that allow for water to transport between cells

Question 21

Conducting cells:

Answer 21

• no cytoplasm
• start alive then die
• secondary cell wall with lignin

Question 22

Vessel elements:

Answer 22

• larger than tracheids, top and bottom digest to form one tube, holes on walls
• in angiosperms

Question 23

Tracheids:

Answer 23

• less efficient, connect each other through pits

- In angiosperms and gymnosperms

Question 24

Explain cohesion - tension model

Answer 24

…

Question 25

What does xylem transport rely on?

Answer 25

- adhesion (water sticks to hydrophilic molecules) - cohesion ( water sticks to water) - Transpiration

Question 26

What decreases inspiration?

Answer 26

- Thick waxy cuticle - Stomata lower on epidermis - smaller leaf surface area - more epidermal layers

Question 27

What increases transpiration?

Answer 27

- dry air - wind - High temperatures - high number of stomata

Question 28

What do phloem consist of?

Answer 28

- fibers, parenchyma, sieve tube members (conducting cells), and companion cells

Question 29

Describe companion cells:

Answer 29

- Keep sieve tube element cells alive | - control phloem (allow sugar in and out)

Question 30

Describe translocation/pressure flow model:

Answer 30

...

Question 31

What are the groups of phytohormones?

Answer 31

- auxins - gibberellin - cytokinin - abscisic acid - ethylene

Question 32

What does cytokinin do?

Answer 32

- increases mitosis - delays senescence - delay degradation of chloroplasts

Question 33

What does auxin do?

Answer 33

- cell elongation (vacuole fills with water stretching the cell, weakens wall to increase water intake)

Question 34

What does gibberellin do?

Answer 34

releases amylase from seed cells which breaks down stored starch in the seed to supply sugar for cell respiration and growth

Question 35

What does abscisic acid do?

Answer 35

- must be broken down to allow for seed growth - Gibberellin cannot work until there is more gibberellin - Closes stomata and therefore reduces inspiration

Question 36

What does ethylene do?

Answer 36

- ripens fruit | - induces leaf abscission