1
Q
Citrus senensis
A
sweet orange peel
2
Q
Citrus aurantium
A
bitter orange peel
3
Q
Ulmus fulva
A
Slippery elm
4
Q
Ammi visnaga
A
Khella
5
Q
Dioscorea villosa
A
Wild yam
6
Q
Petasites hybridus
A
Butterbur
7
Q
Euphrasia officinalis
A
Eyebright
8
Q
Amoracia rusticana
A
Horseradish
9
Q
Ephedra sinica
A
Ma Huang
10
Q
Datura stramonium
A
Jimson weed
11
Q
Ligusticum porteri
A
Osha
12
Q
Inula helenium
A
Elecampne
13
Q
Prunus serotina
A
Black cherry
14
Q
Verbascum thapsus
A
Mullein
15
Q
Tussilago farfara
A
Coltsfoot
16
Q
Plantago ovata
A
Psyllium
17
Q
Linum usitatissimum
A
Flax
18
Q
Rhamnus purshiana
A
Cascara
19
Q
Aesculus hipposcastanum
A
Horse chestnut
20
Q
Ruscus aculeatus
A
Butchers broom
21
Q
Collinsonia canadensis
A
Stone root
22
Q
Hamamelis virginiana
A
Witch hazel
23
Q
Allium sativum
A
Garlic
24
Q
Sambucus nigra
A
Elderberry
25
Eupatorium perfoliatum
Boneset
26
Chimaphila umbellata
Pipsissewa, princess pine
27
Vaccinium macrocarpon
Cranberry
28
Zea mays
Corn silk
29
Equisetum arvense
Horsetail
30
Solidago spp.
Goldenrod
31
Serenoa repens
Saw palmetto
32
Epiloblum parviflorum
Willow herb
33
Opuntia
Prickly pear
34
Punica granatum
Red pomegranate
35
Hippophae rhamnodies
Sea buckthorn, sea berry
36
Tribulus terrestris
Devil's weed
37
Lepidium meyenil
Maca
38
Epimedium sagittatum
Horny goat weed
39
Salvia officinalis
Sage
40
Hydrastis canadensis
Goldenseal
41
Viburnum opulus
Guelder rose
42
Rheum rhaponticum
False rhubarb
43
Actea racemosa
Black cohosh
44
Vitex agnus castus
Chaste tree, Chasteberry
45
Single aromatic rings w/ various side groups
Simple phenolic
46
Secondary metabolite
organic compounds that are not directly involved in normal growth, development, or reproduction of an organism
47
One or more phenolic rings with acidic carboxyl groups
Phenolic acids
48
Phenolic acids with ester linkages to a central glucose molecule
Tannins
49
Aromatic ring attached to pyran group
coumarin
chromones (isomers of coumarins)
50
Aromatic ring attached to pyran and furan group
furanocoumarins
furanochromones (isomers of furanocoumarins)
51
Which compounds have a photosensitizing effect in fair-skinned people?
furanocoumarins
52
Two aromatic rings surrounding a quinone ring, often occurring as glycosides
anthraquinones
53
Medicinal use of anthraquinones
laxative, purgative effects
54
What are 3 examples of plants containing anthraquinone glycosides?
rhamnus purshiana
aloe spp.
cassia senna
55
Dimeric compound of two phenylpropene derivatives
lignans
56
Similar to lignans, but with a conjugated bond
stilbenes
57
Resveratrol is an example of a __
stilbene
58
Three aromatic rings with central pyran ring
flavanoids
59
Glycoside
molecule in which a sugar is bound to another functional group via a glycosidic bond
60
Glycone
sugar group in a glycoside
61
Aglycone
non-sugar group in a glycoside
62
Similar to flavones, but with a charge
Anthocyanidins
63
Glycosides of anthocyanidins
Anthocyanins
64
Oligmers and polymers of flavan-3-ol moieties
proanthocyanidins
65
Which classes are volatile?
simple phenolics, chromones, furanochromones, coumarins, furanocoumarins
66
Which classes are phytoestrogens?
lignans
isoflavones
67
Which classes of terpenes are volatile?
monoterpenes
sesquiterpenes
68
How many carbons in a monoterpene?
10
69
How many carbons in a sesquiterpene?
15
70
How many carbons in a diterpene?
20
71
How many carbons in a triterpene?
30
72
How many carbons in a tetraterpene?
40
73
Which class of terpenes includes carotenoids?
tetraterpene
74
Resins generally have what action?
expectorant
75
Resin
Mixture of terpenoid molecules and volatile oils that combine to form a solid/semi-solid substance that is excreted by plants for protection or in response to injury
76
Amphipathic
molecule possessing both hydrophobic and hydrophilic elements
77
Saponin
amphipathic glycosides
78
Saponins produce a __ when shaken in an aqueous solution.
soap-like foaming
79
Basic properties of an alkaloid
contains nitrogenous molecule
soluble in alcohol and water
alkaline character
80
How are alkaloids classified?
by structure
81
Polysaccharide that forms gels or slime when combined with water
mucilage
82
Effects of bitters
Inc. Ghrelin
Inc. CCK
Stimulate motility
Anti-inflammatory to GI mucosa
Stimulate proliferation of mucosal cells
83
What are the compounds that act as bitter principles in Gentiana lutea?
secoiridoid glycosides
84
What type of compound is responsible for antispasmodic action of carminative herbs?
volatile oils
85
Emolient
topical demulcent
86
Digestive bitter good for digestive issues but contraindicated in pregnancy
gentiana lutea
87
Contains bitter and aromatic constituents
citrus senensis/aurantium
88
Contins furanocoumarins which have a photosensitizing effect
citrus aurantium
89
Antispasmodic and carminative that also acts as a galactogogue
foeniculum vulgare
90
In addition to being used for GI issues, fennel is also a __ and is combined with __ to treat __
broncodilator
grindelia
asthma
91
Carminative and stomachic that is especially useful in children who are restless and irritable
matricaria recutita
92
Carminative with an antiemetic effect that can be used as a synergist?
zingiber officinale
93
Alterative and astringent which contains iron and is good for morning diarrhea
rumex crispus
94
Good for subacute/chronic diarrhea due to its astringent qualities
geranium maculatum
95
Difference between laxative, purgative, and cathartic
laxative makes BM easier
purgative causes controlled evacuation of bowels
cathartic causes uncontrolled evacuation of bowels
96
What is the 1˚ type of constituent responsible for purgative/cathartic herbs?
anthraquinone glycosides
97
Compare uses of inner gel and outer leaf of Aloe?
inner gel - bulking agent, immunomodulating
outer leaf - irritant laxative, anthraquinone glycosides
98
What plant contains acemannan?
aloe
99
Actions of plantago ovata
inc. passage time when diarrhea
dec. passage time when constipation
dec. serum cholesterol
dec. postprandial blood glucose elevations
bulk laxative
100
Ileus is a major contraindication for which plant?
linum usitatissimum
101
Two examples of bulk laxatives
linum usitatissimum
plantago ovata
102
What is an important contraindication for rhamnus purshiana?
children under 12
103
What are two possible side effects for rhamnus purshiana?
melanosis coli
gripping/watery diarrhea
104
When is rhamnus purshiana usually taken?
before bed to stimulate morning BM
105
Rhamnus purshiana contains what constituent?
emodin - anthraquinone glycoside
106
Rhamnus pursiana stimulates __ via the __
peristalsis
autonomic nervous system
107
Examples of irritant laxatives
rhamnus purshiana
aloe (outer leaf)
108
What herb is known for being a venous tonic?
aesculus hippocastanum
109
What are topical uses of aesculus hippocastanum
blunt trauma
hematomas
post-op swelling
hemorrhoids
110
In addition to being a venous tonic, aesculus hippocastanum is also a/an __.
astringent
111
Patient has varicosities. Which herb would you think of first?
aesculus hippocastanum
112
Pregnant patient has internal hemorrhoids. Which herb would you think of first?
ruscus aculeatus
113
What is a key indication for ruscus aculeatus?
varicosities in pregnancy
114
A patient has passive congestion (pooling of blood). What herb do you think of first?
collinsonia canadensis
115
What are 4 big hemorrhoid herbs?
hamamelis virginiana
collinsonia canadensis
ruscus aculeatus
aesculus hippocastanum
116
Patient has pruritis ani. What herb do you think of first?
hamamelis virginana
117
Which herb is known as a pure astringent
agrimonia eupatoria
118
What herb should you take when caught in a bind?
agrimonia eupatoria
119
Two main ways expectorants work
irritating tissue to promote coughing
decreasing spasms and thinning mucus
120
Antitussive
herbs which decrease the frequency of a cough
121
Which herbs contain pyrrolizidine alkaloids?
tussilago farfara
petasites hybridus
122
Action of urtica dioica when combined with __ to treat male complaints.
pygeum africanum
inhibit conversion of T to estradiol
123
Lectin UDA
constituent of urtica dioica that may stimulate T-cells, good for viral infections
124
With Urtica, the leaf is used __, the root __.
above the belt
below the belt
125
Patient has chronic diarrhea with large mucous evacuations. Which herb do you think of first?
urtica dioica
126
Which herb is good for both asthma, angina pectoria, and passage of urinary calculi?
ammi visnaga
127
Action of coleus forskolii
inc. intracellular cAMP -> relaxed SM in bronchial tree
128
What herb is great for sinusitis because it is a mucolytic and a stimulant?
amoracia rusticana
129
What respiratory herb has a preference for the eyes and nose?
euphrasia officinalis
130
What herb contains pyrrolizidine alkaloids and is an antispasmodic good for asthma and bronchitis?
tropane alkaloids?
petasites hybridus
datura stramonium
131
Three herbs that are good for a wet cough
salvia officinalis
hyssopus officinalis
thymus vulgaris
132
What herb is rarely used by practitioners b/c of the possible OD sxs of tropane alkaloids?
datura stramonium
133
What herb is a warm, dry bronchodilator that releases NE from sympathetic neurons?
ephedra sinica
134
What specific condition is thymus vulgaris used for?
whooping cough
135
Important action of thymus vulgaris
anti-microbial
136
Patient presents with chronic low grade fever and rapid flooding pulse. What herb do you think of first?
hyssopus officinalis
137
Use this herb responsibly due to its limited habitat.
ligusticum porteri
138
What herb is particularly good in the early stages of flu?
ligusticum porteri
139
"Singer's herb"
ligusticum porteri
140
What herb is indicated in deep lung conditions, MRSA, and TB?
inula helenium
141
Actions of grindelia spp.
dec. RR
stimulate KD
relaxing expectorant
142
Contraindications for gindelia spp.
KD dz
CV dz
143
Herb that is frequently combined with fennel and is indicated for dry, harsh coughs
grindelia spp.
144
Relaxing expectorant that also works as a nervine, astringent, and bitter
prunus serotina
145
What herb could be described as a lung tonic?
glycyrrhiza glabra
146
What herb is an amphoteric expectorant?
verbascum thapsus
147
Patient presents with dry, hacking cough that is worse at night. What herb do you think of first?
verbascum thapsus
148
Verbascum thapsus is good for dry, hacking coughs because it contains __.
mucilage
149
What is an immunological action of tussilago farfara?
stimulates TH1 response
150
Patient presents with emphysema. Which herb do you think of first?
tussilago farfara
151
5 examples of relaxing expectorants
grindelia spp.
prunus serotina
glycyrrhiza glabra
tussilago farfara
hyssopus officinalis
152
Four examples of synergists
piper nigrum
zingiber officinale
allium sativum
glycyrrhiza glabra
153
Which herbs contain berberine?
hydrastis canadensis
mahonia spp.
berberis spp.
coptis chinensis
154
How is berberine used?
topically
155
What are the elements of the HEMP formula?
hydrastis
echinacea
myrrh
pytolacca
156
What are examples of herbs that could replace hydrastis in the HEMP formula?
mahonia spp.
melissa
157
What are examples of herbs that could replace myrrh in the HEMP formula?
propolis
ligusticum porferi
158
What are examples of herbs that could replace phytolacca in the HEMP formula?
ceanothus spp.
galium
159
Patient presents with acute diarrhea and passive hemorrhage. What herb do you think of first?
potentilla tormentilla
160
What herb is particularly good at the onset of respiratory infections like the flu bc of its antiviral component?
sambucus nigra
161
What herb is good for illnesses which set into the bones with aching, fever, and chills?
eupatorium perfoliatum
162
Patient presents with SIBO or giardia. Which herb do you think of first?
mahonia spp.
163
Three types of diuretic
osmotic
irritant
enhancing
164
2 examples of osmotic diuretics
taraxacum, solidago
165
4 examples of irritant diuretics
uva-ursi
chimaphila
equisetum
juniperus
166
2 examples of enhancing diuretics
cayenne
zingiber officinale
167
What irritating diuretic has a high tannin content in older leaves?
arctostaphylos uva-ursi
168
Arbutin is an important constituent in __.
arctostaphylos uva-ursi
169
Patient says they feel like they're dragging in the loins. Which herb do you think of first?
arctostaphylos uva-ursi
170
Why should you not combine arctostaphylos uva-ursi with alkaloidal herbs?
the tannins may precipitate of of the solution
171
The hydroquinone glycosides found in arctostaphylos uva-ursi are known for being __.
highly toxic and mutagenic
172
How does chimaphila umbellata compare to arctostaphylos uva-ursi?
less arbutin than uva-ursi
more alterative
more lymphatic
can be used longer b/c of lower tannin content
173
How is chimaphila umbellata used as a homeopathic?
breast tumor with sharp pain
174
What herb could be used to treat ascites, breast tumors, and BPH?
chimaphila umbellata
175
What is the main indication for vaccinium marcocarpon?
prevents mild-mod. UTIs in young women and elderly
176
What's a potential side effect of vaccinium macrocarpon?
it may enhance warfarin action
177
How does vaccinium macrocarpon prevent UTIs?
it inhibits the adherence of E. coli to the bladder dt proanthocyanidin content
178
What herb focuses on the kidney but should only be used short-term dt over-irritation possiblities?
juniperus communis
179
What is unique about Zea mays as a diuretic?
mild
good for children
potassium-sparing
180
What herb fits the homeopathic profile of Silica?
equisetum arvense
181
Patient presents with hematuria. Which herb do you think of first?
equisetum arvense
182
When dosing equisetum arvense, it's better to use in __ and not use it longer than __
tea form
6 wks dt KD damage
183
What herb is described as a renal cleanser?
equisetum arvense
184
Why do you need to be careful when harvesting equisteum arvense?
the plant has an ability to concentrate toxins
185
What can be both an osmotic and irritant diuretic?
solidago spp.
186
What herb is good as an adjuvant in bacterial infections of the urinary tract?
solidago spp.
187
Two herbs known mainly for their use in BPH
epilobium parviflorum
opuntia
188
Two herbs used for fertility and obesity
punica granatum
hippophae rhamnodies
189
Action of serenoa repens
inhibits conversion of T to DHT (5-alpha-reductase inhibitor)
190
How should you not prepare serenoa repens?
as a tea or low-alcohol tincture dt lipophilic nature
191
What is a potential side effect of serenoa repens?
laxative effect dt saponin content
192
Carotenoids are found within which BPH herb?
serenoa repens
193
Which herb is estrogenic in females and androgenic in males?
tribulus terrestris
194
This herb inc. plasma T, GH, insulin, and aldosterone?
tribulus terrestris
195
What adaptogenic herb is good for infertility, dec. libido and stimulates spermatogenesis?
tribulus terrestris
196
What phytoestrogen is used for depression and anxiety during perimenopause?
Rheum rhaponticum
197
Which adaptogen has a specificity of seat with the hormones and is good for perimenopausal symptoms?
lepidium spp.
198
Two herbs good for low libido and infertility?
tribulus terrestris
lepidium meyenii
199
Patient presents with bladder spasms. Which herb do you think of first?
viburnum opulus
200
What is a key constituent of viburnum opulus?
arbutin
201
Which herb has a progesteronic effect?
vitex agnu-castus
202
Which herb has an amphoteric action in the endocrine system (aphrodisiac or anaphrodisiac)?
vitex agnus-castus
203
Two herbs that have a estrogenic effect and are good for dysmenorrhea.
actea racemosa
angelica sinensis
204
Action of vitex angus-castus on prolactin
inhibits prolactin release
205
Are all herbs with estrogenic effect phytoestrogens?
no
206
Chinese herb used for poor libido
epimedium sagittatum
207
Nerve tonic and nutritive relaxant that can increase vitality over time
avena sativa
208
Four herbs that can act as aphrodisiacs
hippophae rhamnodies
tribulus terrestris
lepidium meyenii
serenoa repens
209
Four herbs good for dysmenorrhea
viburnum opulus
actea racemosa
angelica sinensis
vitex agnus-castus
210
Four herbs good for perimenopausal symptoms
rheum rhaponticum
actea racemosa
vitex agnus-castus
lepidium spp.
211
What herb could be used for acne, fibroids, PMS, fertility, mastalgia?
vitex agnus-castus
212
Two herbs good for hormone balancing
actea racemosa
vitex agnus-castus
213
What herb is good for low estrogen-causing conditions?
actea racemosa
214
Excessive sexual enjoyment or hyperactive children
avena sativa
215
Four herbs for BPH
serenoa repens
opuntia
epilobium parviflorum
chimaphila umbellata
216
Two herbs used for chronic prostatitis
serenoa repens
chimaphila umbellata
217
What anti-viral herb can have a laxative and emetic effect in large doses?
eupatorium perfoliatum
218
Two herbs good for dry coughs
grindelia
verbascum thapsus
Bot Med
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