1
Q
What is a Food and Fiber animal
A
species of animals that are used in agriculture
2
Q
why do we need to separate them into a class by themselves?
A
We separate them because they have several unique attributes we need to learn about
3
Q
main reason for these species is to
A
provide a nutritious and desirable form of food for human consumption
4
Q
what else can these species provide?
A
also provide shelter, and clothing for our survival, by-products, feeds for other animals, medications, research, recreation
5
Q
what is food and fiber importance in the us?
A
one of the world’s largest exporters of agriculture products, creates jobs,
6
Q
methane gas can be used as a
A
power source
7
Q
Vet Tech’s Role in ffa
A
help the veterinarian maintain a safe food supply through animal health, disease control, parasite control, and client education
8
Q
Bovine
A
dairy and beef
9
Q
Ovine
A
sheep
mutton/chevron, wool
10
Q
Porcine
A
pork
11
Q
Camelid
A
camel
wool, and meat
12
Q
Poultry
A
eggs, meat, and down (feathers)
13
Q
flat, thick, connective-tissue structure on the maxilla opposite the lower incisors & canine teeth
A
dental pad
14
Q
ruminants do not have upper incisors- they have
A
a dental pad
15
Q
signs of wear are much less reliable than eruption for estimation of age because
A
wear is largely determined by nutrition, ration, and sand content of the soil
16
Q
except for very aged cattle, the teeth are rarely used to determine the age of adult cattle
A
true
17
Q
eruption times of the permanent incisors are primarily used to estimate age
A
up to 5 yrs in cattle
18
Q
go back to permanent and deciduous teeth
A
go back to permanent and deciduous teeth
19
Q
the more the ruminant eats
A
the more saliva they produce
20
Q
ruminant saliva contains high concentrations of
A
sodium bicarbonate & phosphate buffers
21
Q
help neutralize the acids normally found in the rumen as well as to help maintain the normal, healthy pH of the rumen
A
buffers
22
Q
ruminant compartments
A
Rumen
Reticulum
Omasum
Abomasum
23
Q
a large fermentation vat located primarily on the left side of the abdomen
A
rumen
24
Q
purpose of the rumen
A
store large quantities of food
continuous feed mixing by strong contractions
provide a suitable environment for bacteria and protozoa to grow
25
fermentation of plant material produces
Volatile Fatty Acids (VFAs) which are absorbed by the liver and converted to glucose
26
rumen microbes attack
protein & make smaller pieces from it which the microbes use themselves or convert to NH3 & VFAs
27
rumen digestion of plant material by bacteria & protozoa results in
CO2 and methane which is eructated
28
rumen also provides the animal with vitamins
B & K
29
some microbes in the rumen are “flushed” to the other chambers where they are digested and
provide the ruminant with its major source of protein
30
the smallest and most cranial compartment
the reticulum
31
the inside has a honeycomb appearance which increases the absorptive surface area
reticulum
32
the muscular wall of the reticulum is continuous with that of the rumen, and aids to
bring feed boluses back up for re-chewing
33
Traumatic Reticulopericarditis
“hardware disease”
34
ingestion of sharp foreign objects, leading to inflammation of the reticulum and pericardial sac
Traumatic Reticulopericarditis
35
wire can penetrate through the cranial wall of the reticulum, go through the diaphragm, and into the pericardium from what
rumenoreticular contractions
36
look at picture of reticulum
look at picture of reticulum
37
made of many muscular folds or “leaves”
the omasum
38
assists in decreasing particle size of digesta & reabsorption of water from the digesta
the omasum
39
removes bicarbonate so the ingesta does not change the pH of the abomasum
the omasum
40
look at picture of omasum
look at picture of omasum
41
considered the “true stomach”
abomasum
42
secretes digestive enzymes which prepare the digesta for absorption in the small intestine
pH ~ 2.5
abomasum
43
look at picture of abomasum
look at picture of abomasum
44
the young ruminant functions like a
monogastric animal
45
a trough in the reticular wall that extends from the esophageal opening to the omasum (young ruminant)
esophageal groove, or reticular groove
46
by the calf causes muscles of the groove to contract & form a tube which directs milk past the rumenoreticulum & into the omasum
suckling
47
what disappears with age and ruminal development
groove formation reflex disappears
48
the biggest factor in the formation of a functional rumen
diet
49
rumen/ reticulum are small; abomasum is the largest
in the young ruminant
50
intestines lie almost entirely to the _ of the midline
right
51
ruminants contain a wht that's 33 ft long
“spiral colon”
52
sheep & goat kidneys look like
dog kidneys
53
know cow kidney picture
know cow kidney picture
54
cows retain their
fetal lobulation and each kidney is divided into about a dozen lobes
55
there is no renal pelvis in cow kidneys
true
56
what is the calix/ cups
ureter branches formed together that receive the urine this converges from the cranial & caudal poles of the kidney to form a single ureter
57
male ruminants have a _ making it virtually impossible to catheterize the bladder
sigmoid flexure
58
Vertebral Formula
C7T13L6S5Cy18-20
59
the canon bones of ruminants result from the fusion of
MC III and MV IV (or MT III and MT IV)
60
bovine RBCs are resistant to what formation
rouleaux
61
exhibit more _ of erythrocytes than other domestic species
anisocytosis (different size rbcs)
62
bovine rbcs have small area of central what
pallor
63
small ruminants have some of the smallest _ of mammalian species
RBCs
64
small, round, red granules in the cytoplasm
eosinophil
65
lymphocytes outnumber neutrophils
true
66
normal bovine plasma is yellow due to the _ content in the blood
carotene
67
fibrinogen is a significant finding in plasma; increased levels may indicate
chronic disease or inflammation
68
baby bovine of either sex
calf
69
young female who has never had a calf
heifer
70
mature female
cow
71
intact male
bull
72
castrated male
steer
73
non-pregnant
open
74
last 60 days of gestation when the cow is not milking
dry period
75
where cattle are “finished” or fed prior to slaughter
feedlot
76
period of time between calvings
calving interval
77
coming into full milk after calving
freshening
78
where the cows come to be milked
milking parlor
79
a bolus of undigested feed is regurgitated from the rumen and re-chewed for better digestion later
ruminating
80
productive life for a holstein
normal productive life is 6 yrs can live up to 20 years old
81
which breed have the least docile temperament
jersey
82
know the picture of the breeds!
know the picture of the breeds!
83
identification methods
ear tag, tattoo, branding, ankle straps, neck tag
84
after milking the teats are each dipped in which is antibacterial to prevent mastitis
teat dip
85
the dairy cow lactates avg. _ days out of the year and is “dried-off” the last 2 months of gestation
305
86
2 ways to feed the dairy cow
Total Mixed Ration (TMR)
Forage and grain diet
87
all nutrients are calculated based on production level; then the components are weighed and mixed together into a complete ration
Total Mixed Ration (TMR):
88
hay is provided free choice at all times, silage is fed once/twice daily, and grain rations are fed twice daily
Forage and grain diet
89
energy requirements are greatest during
lactation
90
is provided in the free-choice forage but she cannot ingest enough forage to meet all the requirements so it must be supplemented and balanced with concentrate feed
energy
91
requirements start at 12% in early lactation and increase to 18% by the time the cow is at maximum production of 33kg/day of milk
protein
92
must be limited to 5-6% of the diet for rumen microbe health and, if needed, is supplemented in the form of soybeans, whole cottonseed,
fat
93
the rumen does not begin to function until
grain and hay are eaten
94
I1 and I2 teeth are present at
birth- 2 weeks
95
other teeth are present at
0-2/3 weeks
96
deciduous teeth formula
2(Di 0/3 Dc 0/1 Dp 3/3) = 20
97
permanent teeth formula
2( I 0/3 C 0/1 P 3/3 M 3/3 ) = 32
98
remember cows kick
forward, sideways, then back
99
moving outside the collective flight zone in the same direction will
slow the herd down
100
moving inside the collective flight zone in the opposite direction of the desired movement will
spread movement of the entire herd up
101
the point of balance is usually at the animal's
shoulder
102
all species of livestock will move forward if the handler stands
behind the point of balance
103
they will back up if the handler stands
in front of the point of balance
104
groups of cattle in a chute will often move forward without prodding when the handler walks past the point of balance in the
opposite direction of each animal in the chute
105
completely tame animals have no
flight zone and people can touch them
106
the flight zone is the animal's
personal space
107
should nose tongs be used alone
no!
108
a “tail jack” involves lifting the tail from
the base up and over the back of the cow
may discourage kicking
109
“tailing” is grasping the tail at the
middle and twisting it forward to one side or the other over the back causing the cow to move forward
110
dont tie to an immobile object
the rope is tied to the individual
Tail Ties
111
involves lifting the tail from the base up and over the back of the cow
may discourage kicking
tail jack
112
can be placed to prevent kicking; they are placed above the hocks and placed quickly in case the animal starts to kick
milking hobbles
113
cows do not lift their legs for hoof trimming or exam like horses- they usually are
placed in a chute and then a rope is placed to elevate the necessary limb
114
applying constant, firm pressure with ropes to get her to lie down
forcing them into lateral
Casting
115
lateral recumbency can induce rumen bloat; if extended time is needed, place the cow on her
right side so the rumen can be observed for bloat
116
during casting animal is sedated, usually with _
always have control of _
xylazine
the head before attempting
117
use the legs to gently guide the calf to the ground
flanking
118
when doing pe on bovines always start by
observing the animal and acquiring the resting RR
119
Temp (rectal)
100.4-103.1 (ave. 101.5)
120
HR
40-80/min
121
RR
10-30/min
122
auscultation of the heart is at the
4th and 5th intercostal spaces
123
lung auscultation is between the
5th and 11th ribs
124
_ may be heard as low-pitched fluttering sounds and the rate for cattle is _
eructation
18/hr
125
the rumen is ausculted at the
caudolateral rib cage and left paralumbar fossa
126
percussion for the presence of excess gas should also be performed
pinging or ringing noise
127
an apple (round) or papple (one side sticks out) is wrong & could indicate a problem
rumen bloating
128
normal feces for bovine
semi solid
129
a normal cow will flex her back ventrally when pinched as pictured
Withers Pinch Test
130
a cow with a painful abdomen will
not flex ventrally
131
Grunt Test
use your knee to push up your fists into the xyphoid region
pressure in a painful cow will elicit a grunt, kick, or uncomfortable movement
may require listening with a stethoscope at the trachea to hear the grunt
132
used when no other vein is available or suitable for sticking
they are very prone to bleeding & large hematomas
Milk Vein
133
the term for liquid medication
drenching
134
rigid metal tube that is placed in the mouth like the balling gun and then used to deliver boluses, liquids, or an orogastric tube
Frick Speculum
135
do not force the head into an elevated position during tube passage or while the tube is in place or
regurgitated contents may be aspirated
136
passage of the tube may induce
regurgitation
137
SQ injections are preferred over _ whenever possible
IM
138
why is sub q preferred
IM injections cause scar tissue formation at the site which is visible on the hide and causes toughness of the meat resulting in decreased value of the carcass
139
IM preferred site is the
lateral cervical muscles
140
the gluteals can be used but it
devalues the carcass and dairy cattle have very thin gluteals
141
for young cattle, the can be used while applying a tail jack
for IM
semimembranosus/
tendinosus area
142
for iv injections needle should be pointed
towards the heart
143
do NOT use the _ vein for any drug which causes irritation if accidentally given perivascularly
tail
144
abdominocentesis is performed 3-5 cm to the _ of midline because the rumen is on the _
right
left
145
site is caudal to the xyphoid and to the left of ventral midline
Rumenocentesis
146
if the catheter gets “stuck,” may be in the _, a blind sac on the ventral aspect of the urethra
re-direct more dorsally
suburethral diverticulum-
146
signs of mastitis:
hard, hot udder
abnormal appearance or smell to the milk
pain
147
each quarter has milk stripped into the paddle
equal volume of purple reagent is added to the milk
swirl
read gel formation
California Mastitis Test (CMT)
148
goal of hoof care
provide a flat, level, weight bearing surface on both digits so they bear weight evenly between them
149
Limiting factors
Nutrition and energy
150
if they are to conceive and calve by the time they are 13-15 months
must be fed adequately from weaning to breeding
151
scrotal circumference of ~
34-38 cm
152
estrus lasts ~ 18 hrs and she ovulates ~ 12 hrs
after the end of estrus
153
allow more inseminations to be performed from one collection, protect the sperm from sudden pH or temp changes, maintaining the viability longer
Extenders
154
gestation in cattle is
280 days or 9 months
155
if no progress has been made for > 1 hr
assistance is needed
156
the female offspring of a male/ female twin pregnancy
Free Martin
infertile with masculinized behavior and nonfunctional ovaries
157
leading causes of mortality in calves < 3 days old
Starvation and hypothermia
158
minimum serum IgG level of dL is considered normal
1000 g/
159
is the most common isolate
E Coli
160
161
Causes of scours
E. coli, Salmonella, C. perfringens
viruses: rotavirus, coronavirus, BVD
protozoa: Cryptosporidium, Eimeria
162
in most surgeries, cattle
Remain standing
163
164
164
