1
Q
Sarcopenia definition
A
Age-related loss of skeletal muscle mass, strength, and function.
2
Q
What physical characteristics decline with aging?
A
Decreased muscle mass, decreased strength, decreased physical activity, decreased food intake.
3
Q
Main causes of sarcopenia?
A
Neural apoptosis, imbalance in protein synthesis/degradation, inactivity, hormonal imbalance, insufficient protein intake.
4
Q
Effects of sarcopenia on physical function?
A
Increased disability, increased dependency, higher medical-care costs, reduced physical functioning.
5
Q
Can age-related muscle decline be reversed?
A
Yes — strength training can delay or reverse age-related decline.
6
Q
Prevention strategies for sarcopenia
A
Strength training, hormonal therapy, dietary intervention, reducing sedentary time.
7
Q
Definition of biomechanics
A
Application of mechanical laws to living structures, especially the human locomotor system.
8
Q
Applications of biomechanical analysis
A
Improve skill technique; design equipment; injury prevention; analyze movement pathologies; prosthetics; rehab; animation; ergonomics.
9
Q
Qualitative vs quantitative movement analysis
A
Qualitative = non-numerical observation. Quantitative = numerical measurement from collected data.
10
Q
Definition of mass
A
Quantity of matter; measured in kg.
11
Q
Definition of force
A
Force = mass × acceleration; units = Newtons (N).
12
Q
Definition of weight
A
Weight = mass × gravity (9.81 m/s²); units = Newtons.
13
Q
Definition of pressure
A
Pressure = Force ÷ Area (N/m² or N/cm²).
14
Q
Compression tension shear
A
Compression = squeezing; Tension = pulling; Shear = parallel force.
15
Q
Definition of a lever in the body
A
Bones act as bars; joints are fulcrums; muscles apply force.
16
Q
Three parts of a lever
A
Force point (effort), resistance point (load), fulcrum (axis).
17
Q
Force arm vs resistance arm
A
FA = perpendicular distance to force line; RA = perpendicular distance to resistance line.
18
Q
First-class lever
A
Fulcrum between force and resistance; MA can be >1, <1, or =1.
19
Q
Second-class lever
A
Resistance between fulcrum and force; always MA > 1 (force lever).
20
Q
Third-class lever
A
Force between fulcrum and resistance; always MA < 1 (speed lever).
21
Q
Mechanical advantage formula
A
MA = Force Arm ÷ Resistance Arm.
22
Q
Torque definition
A
Torque = Force × Moment Arm; units Newton-meters.
23
Q
Definition of center of gravity (CG)
A
Point where body weight is balanced; intersection of all 3 cardinal planes.
24
Q
Typical CG location in humans
A
~5 cm anterior to S2 OR ~6 cm below navel; slightly higher in males.
25
What changes CG position?
Body posture, limb movement, external loads; each segment has its own CG.
26
Why is CG important?
Affects movement, stability, and work calculations.
27
Reaction board method formula
F1 × Y = F2 × (L – Y); OR Y = F2L ÷ (F1 + F2).
28
How to increase stability?
Increase mass; widen base; increase friction; lower CG; shift CG toward external force.
29
Newton’s First Law
Object stays at rest or constant velocity unless acted on by external force; inertia ∝ mass.
30
Newton’s Second Law
Force = mass × acceleration.
31
Newton’s Third Law
Every action has equal and opposite reaction.
32
Momentum formula
Momentum = mass × velocity; conservation m1v1 = m2v2.
33
Who wins a collision?
The object/person with greater momentum pushes the other backward.
34
Work formula
Work = Force × Distance; units = Joules.
35
Power formula
Power = Work ÷ Time = Force × Velocity; units = Watts.
36
Walking vs running differences
Running has flight phase; no double support; shorter stance phase.
37
Running speed formula
Speed = Stride Length × Stride Rate.
38
Running mechanics at higher speeds
Less foot contact and more forward lean; sprinters lean ~15° forward.
39
Kinetic energy harvester effects
Reduces metabolic cost by 20% and muscle activity by 28%.
40
Main structures of the respiratory system
Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs.
41
Function of bronchi and bronchioles
Conduct air; primary → secondary → tertiary branching.
42
Role of smooth muscle in airways
Constricts/dilates bronchioles and regulates airway resistance.
43
Definition of anatomic dead space
150 mL of conducting airways that do not participate in gas exchange.
44
Structure and function of alveoli
Thin-walled sacs with capillary beds; site of O2/CO2 exchange.
45
Respiratory membrane characteristics
0.6 µm thick, very thin and optimized for diffusion.
46
Purpose of large alveolar surface area
70 m² surface area increases gas exchange efficiency.
47
Boyle’s Law definition
Gas pressure is inversely proportional to volume.
48
What causes airflow into/out of lungs?
Air flows based on pressure gradients between lungs and atmosphere.
49
Definition of compliance
Lung volume change for a given change in alveolar pressure.
50
Primary muscles of inspiration at rest
Diaphragm and external intercostals contract.
51
Primary muscles of expiration at rest
Passive relaxation of diaphragm and intercostals.
52
Muscles active during exercise breathing
Internal intercostals + abdominal muscles assist during exercise.
53
Pressure changes during inspiration
Thoracic volume ↑, pressure ↓ → air moves in.
54
Pressure changes during expiration
Thoracic volume ↓, pressure ↑ → air moves out.
55
Why mouth breathing occurs during exercise
Less resistance; air is warmed and humidified quickly.
56
Tidal volume definition and value at rest
Volume of air per breath; ~500 mL at rest.
57
Breathing frequency at rest
12–16 breaths per minute.
58
Minute ventilation formula
VE = tidal volume × frequency.
59
ERV definition
Maximal air exhaled after normal expiration.
60
IC definition
Maximal air inhaled after normal expiration.
61
VC definition
Maximal air exhaled after maximal inhalation.
62
RV definition
Air remaining after forced expiration.
63
FRC definition
ERV + RV.
64
Total lung capacity components
Vital capacity + residual volume.
65
FVC maneuver definition
Expire as hard/fast as possible for 4 seconds.
66
FEV1.0 definition
Volume exhaled in first second of FVC.
67
Alveolar ventilation formula
VA = FR × (VT – VD).
68
Lung volume changes when lying down
Volumes decrease lying down due to abdominal pressure + increased blood volume.
69
Two major categories of respiratory disorders
Obstructive and restrictive.
70
Signs of obstructive disorders
Low FEV1.0, low FEV1/FVC (<80%), high resistance.
71
Signs of restrictive disorders
All volumes low, FEV1/FVC high (~90%), stiff lungs.
72
Main components of circulatory system
Heart, vessels, blood.
73
Two circulatory circuits
Pulmonary (lungs) and systemic (body) circuits.
74
Function of heart valves
Ensure unidirectional blood flow.
75
Why left ventricle wall is thicker
Systemic pump must generate higher pressure.
76
Definition of functional syncytium
All cardiac fibers contract together.
77
SA node role
Pacemaker of the heart; initiates depolarization.
78
AV node delay purpose
Allows ventricles to fill before contraction.
79
ECG: P wave meaning
Atrial depolarization.
80
ECG: QRS complex meaning
Ventricular depolarization (and atrial repolarization).
81
ECG: T wave meaning
Ventricular repolarization.
82
Definition of tachycardia
HR > 100 bpm.
83
Definition of bradycardia
HR < 60 bpm.
84
Difference between atrial and ventricular fibrillation
Atrial: pump still works; Ventricular: no effective pumping.
85
Coronary arteries supplying heart
Left and right coronary arteries from aorta.
86
Oxygen extraction by myocardium
Heart extracts 70–80% of oxygen from blood.
87
Function of arterioles
Regulate blood flow by constricting/relaxing smooth muscle.
88
Function of capillaries
Exchange gases, nutrients, waste.
89
Role of valves in veins
Prevent backflow of venous blood.
90
Mechanisms of venous return
Pressure gradient, skeletal muscle pump, respiratory pump.
91
Composition of blood
RBCs, WBCs, platelets suspended in plasma.
92
Definition of hematocrit
Percentage of blood volume occupied by RBCs.
93
RBC lifespan
120 days.
94
Function of hemoglobin
Transports O2 and CO2; contains iron-binding sites.
95
Normal hemoglobin values
Men: 140–160 g/L; Women: 120–140 g/L.
96
Definition of diffusion
Molecules move from high to low concentration across a membrane.
97
Factors that increase rate of diffusion
Higher gradient, shorter distance, higher temperature, greater surface area.
98
Two sites of gas exchange in the body
Alveolar-capillary membrane in lungs; tissue-capillary membrane in tissues.
99
Direction of O2 and CO2 movement in lungs
O2 moves alveoli → blood; CO2 moves blood → alveoli.
100
Direction of O2 and CO2 movement in tissues
O2 moves blood → tissue; CO2 moves tissue → blood.
101
Definition of partial pressure of a gas
Pressure exerted by a single gas in a mixture.
102
Formula for partial pressure of a gas
Partial pressure = fractional concentration × total pressure.
103
Partial pressure of O2 at sea level
159 mmHg.
104
Effect of altitude on partial pressure of O2
It decreases because barometric pressure is lower at altitude.
105
Role of functional residual capacity (FRC)
Stabilizes alveolar gas composition by diluting incoming air.
106
Henry’s Law definition
Amount of gas dissolved in liquid depends on pressure × solubility.
107
Why CO2 dissolves more easily than O2
Because CO2 is 20.3× more soluble in water than O2.
108
Definition of lung diffusing capacity
Volume of O2 transferred across alveolar-capillary membrane per minute per mmHg.
109
Conditions that decrease diffusing capacity
Increased membrane thickness, decreased surface area, low RBC count.
110
Why diffusing capacity increases during exercise
Increased lung volumes and more open pulmonary capillaries.
111
Percentage of O2 carried by hemoglobin
0.98
112
Reaction of hemoglobin with oxygen
Hb + O2 → HbO2 (oxyhemoglobin).
113
O2 carrying capacity per gram of hemoglobin
1.34 mL O2 per gram of hemoglobin.
114
Calculation of blood O2 carrying capacity
15 g × 1.34 mL = 20.1 mL O2 per 100 mL blood.
115
Percent saturation of Hb in arterial blood at rest
97.5% saturated with O2.
116
Percent saturation of Hb in venous blood at rest
75% saturated with O2.
117
Definition of arteriovenous O2 difference (a-vO2 diff)
Amount of O2 extracted by tissues from each 100 mL of blood.
118
Value of (a-v)O2 diff at rest
4.4 mL O2 per 100 mL blood.
119
Plateau portion of oxyhemoglobin curve range
60–100 mmHg O2.
120
Steep portion of oxyhemoglobin curve range
0–40 mmHg O2.
121
Function of hemoglobin as an O2 buffer
Maintains stable O2 delivery despite changes in alveolar PO2.
122
Bohr effect definition (right shift)
Right shift = decreased affinity → more O2 released to tissues.
123
Bohr effect definition (left shift)
Left shift = increased affinity → less O2 released to tissues.
124
Total blood O2 equation
Total O2 = dissolved O2 + HbO2.
125
Why O2 binds to Hb in lungs
High PO2 drives O2 into blood and onto Hb.
126
Why O2 is released from Hb in tissues
Low PO2 drives O2 off Hb and into tissues.
127
Normal PaO2 value
~95 mmHg.
128
Normal PvO2 value
~40 mmHg.
129
Normal PaCO2 value
~40 mmHg.
130
Definition of cardiac output
Amount of blood pumped by one ventricle per minute.
131
Cardiac output formula
Cardiac output = HR × SV.
132
Typical resting and maximal cardiac outputs
Rest ~5 L/min; untrained max ~20 L/min; trained max 30+ L/min.
133
Effect of training on cardiac output response
Trained = lower HR and higher SV for same workload.
134
Fick equation for oxygen uptake
VO2 = HR × SV × (a-vO2 diff).
135
Definition of stroke volume
Blood pumped per beat.
136
Stroke volume equation
SV = EDV − ESV.
137
Ejection fraction equation
EF = SV/EDV.
138
Ejection fraction normal resting value
≈58%.
139
How stroke volume changes with exercise
Increases then plateaus around 40% VO2max.
140
Distribution of blood flow at rest vs exercise
Rest: 15–20% to muscles; Exercise: ~85% to muscles.
141
Cause of increased muscle blood flow during exercise
Arteriole dilation in muscles; constriction in gut due to SNS.
142
Poiseuille’s Law definition
Resistance = viscosity × length / radius⁴.
143
Effect of vessel radius on resistance
A 2× decrease in radius increases resistance 16×.
144
Typical VO2max values for untrained males
40–50 mL/kg/min.
145
Typical VO2max values for untrained females
30–40 mL/kg/min.
146
Criteria for reaching VO2max
VO2 plateau, HR near max, lactate ≥8 mmol/L, RER > 1.15.
147
Mode of exercise producing highest VO2max
Uphill treadmill running.
148
Genetic contribution to VO2max
VO2max is 40–50% genetically determined.
149
Effect of age on VO2max
Peaks at 18–25 years, declines ~1% per year.
150
Why males have higher VO2max after puberty
More muscle mass and higher hemoglobin levels.
151
Reasons VO2max decreases with age
Lower max HR, lower SV, decreased activity.
152
Advantages of predictive VO2max tests
Cheaper, safer, group testing possible, no max effort required.
153
Heart rate–VO2 relationship for prediction
Linear HR–VO2 relationship across moderate intensities.
154
Definition of a motor skill
An act or task requiring voluntary movement to achieve a goal.fileciteturn3file0
155
Difference between ability and skill
Ability is a general trait influenced by genetics; skill is task-specific and learned.fileciteturn3file0
156
Examples of motor abilities
Strength, endurance, coordination, balance, agility, reaction time, dexterity.fileciteturn3file0
157
Characteristics of skillful motor performance
Fast, high-quality output; smooth movement; anticipates changes; quick decisions.fileciteturn3file0
158
Purpose of motor skill classification systems
Identify similarities between skills and categorize them on a continuum.fileciteturn3file0
159
Gross vs fine motor skills definition
Gross = large muscles; Fine = small muscles and precision.fileciteturn3file0
160
Examples of gross motor skills
Walking, jumping, throwing.fileciteturn3file0
161
Examples of fine motor skills
Writing, drawing, piano playing.fileciteturn3file0
162
Role of PT vs OT in motor skills
PTs focus on gross skills; OTs focus on fine skills.fileciteturn3file0
163
Discrete motor skill definition
Skill with clear beginning and end.fileciteturn3file0
164
Serial motor skill definition
Series of discrete skills performed in sequence.fileciteturn3file0
165
Continuous motor skill definition
Skill with arbitrary beginning and end, continuous motion.fileciteturn3file0
166
Closed skill definition
Stable, predictable environment; self-paced.fileciteturn3file0
167
Open skill definition
Unstable, unpredictable environment; externally paced.fileciteturn3file0
168
Example of closed skills
Golf, archery, bowling.fileciteturn3file0
169
Example of open skills
Tennis return, soccer, racquetball.fileciteturn3file0
170
Fundamental movement skills definition
Basic to complex skills used in play, dance, sport.fileciteturn3file0
171
Definition of physical literacy
Motivation, competence, confidence to be physically active for life.fileciteturn3file0
172
Benefits of physical literacy
Reduces chronic disease risk, improves mobility and mental health.fileciteturn3file0
173
Definition of motor learning
A relatively permanent change in performance from practice.fileciteturn3file0
174
Difference between sensorimotor adaptation and skill learning
Adaptation = reduce errors to restore function; Skill learning = new patterns for higher performance.fileciteturn3file0
175
Performance curves definition
Graph showing performance changes over time.fileciteturn3file0
176
Retention test purpose
Tests persistence of learning after a delay.fileciteturn3file0
177
Transfer test purpose
Assesses ability to adapt learned skills to new situations.fileciteturn3file0
178
Definition of transfer of learning
Influence of prior skill on learning a new skill.fileciteturn3file0
179
Positive transfer definition
Previous skill improves learning a new one.fileciteturn3file0
180
Negative transfer definition
Previous skill interferes with new skill performance.fileciteturn3file0
181
Zero transfer definition
Previous skill has no effect on new skill.fileciteturn3file0
182
Bilateral transfer definition
Improvement in one limb from practicing with the other.fileciteturn3file0
183
Factors influencing bilateral transfer
Greater transfer from preferred to non-preferred limb.fileciteturn3file0
184
Definition of augmented feedback
Feedback from an external source beyond intrinsic senses.fileciteturn3file0
185
Difference between sensory and augmented feedback
Sensory = internal; Augmented = external.fileciteturn3file0
186
Knowledge of results (KR) definition
Information about the outcome of performance.fileciteturn3file0
187
Knowledge of performance (KP) definition
Information about movement characteristics that led to outcome.fileciteturn3file0
188
Benefits of KR
Confirms performance, motivates, aids when intrinsic feedback is insufficient.fileciteturn3file0
189
Benefits of KP
Improves coordination and specific movement components.fileciteturn3file0
190
What feedback should focus on
Should target errors and guide correction.fileciteturn3file0
191
Why erroneous feedback is harmful
Learners rely on it even when incorrect.fileciteturn3file0
192
Guidelines for KR/KP frequency
Should not be given every trial to avoid dependency.fileciteturn3file0
193
Role of videotape in feedback
Beginners need instructor guidance to interpret video.fileciteturn3file0
194
Purpose of practice
Prepare performer for test situations through varied practice.fileciteturn3file0
195
Importance of variability in practice
Variation enhances learning, especially for open skills.fileciteturn3file0
196
Massed vs distributed practice concept
Distribution of practice affects learning and performance.fileciteturn3file0
197
Definition of mental practice
Mental rehearsal of a skill without physical performance.fileciteturn3file0
198
Benefits of mental practice
Improves acquisition, performance, retention.fileciteturn3file0
199
Definition of ergonomics
Science of fitting work, tools, and environment to the person.fileciteturn3file0
200
Difference between ergonomics in NA vs Europe
NA separates physical vs cognitive; Europe merges them.fileciteturn3file0
201
Systems approach in ergonomics
Design around human needs before equipment/task factors.fileciteturn3file0
202
Fields contributing to ergonomics
Includes physiology, psychology, biomechanics, engineering, design, business.fileciteturn3file0
203
EMG use in workstation design
Shows how workstation changes affect muscle activation.fileciteturn3file0
204
Why workplace injuries are rising
More repetitive tasks, aging workforce, poor design.fileciteturn3file0
205
How ergonomics reduces injuries
Improved workstation design reduces musculoskeletal disorders.fileciteturn3file0
206
Purpose of enhanced rehab programs
Identifies tasks injured workers can still perform.fileciteturn3file0
207
Impact of changing workforce on ergonomics
Design must reflect diverse worker capabilities.fileciteturn3file0
208
Purpose of worker placement analysis
Ensures job demands match human ability while respecting rights.fileciteturn3file0
209
Importance of ergonomic training programs
Trains workers to safely complete essential tasks.fileciteturn3file0
210
Workplace psychosocial factors
Includes motivation, organization, teamwork, job design.fileciteturn3file0
211
Productivity benefits of ergonomics
Comfort increases efficiency; engineering improves quality.fileciteturn3file0
212
Examples of regulation in ergonomics
WorkSafeBC regulations, Occupational Health & Safety laws.fileciteturn3file0
213
Resting core temperature range
36.5–37.5°C.fileciteturn4file0
214
Definition of core temperature
Temperature of the hypothalamus (core regulator).fileciteturn4file0
215
How core temperature is measured
Rectal/esophageal probes, ingestible pills, skin patches.fileciteturn4file0
216
Radiation heat loss definition
Heat transfer via electromagnetic waves.fileciteturn4file0
217
Conduction heat loss definition
Heat transfer by direct contact between surfaces.fileciteturn4file0
218
Why water conducts heat faster than air
Water conducts heat ~25× faster than air.fileciteturn4file0
219
Convection definition
Heat transfer to moving air or water.fileciteturn4file0
220
Factors determining convective heat loss
Temperature gradient + air/water velocity.fileciteturn4file0
221
Evaporation heat loss definition
Heat loss when liquid on skin becomes vapor.fileciteturn4file0
222
Physiological responses to cold: metabolic rate
Increase metabolic heat production voluntarily or involuntarily.fileciteturn4file0
223
Shivering effect on metabolic rate
Increases heat production 3–4× basal rate.fileciteturn4file0
224
Physiological responses to cold: tissue insulation
Vasoconstriction shunts blood deeper into body.fileciteturn4file0
225
Behavioral responses to cold
Clothing, shelter, fire.fileciteturn4file0
226
Effect of skinfold thickness on cold response
More fat = more insulation.fileciteturn4file0
227
Gender differences in cold response
Women have more fat but higher surface area:mass → greater heat loss.fileciteturn4file0
228
Why children lose heat faster
High surface area:mass → rapid heat loss.fileciteturn4file0
229
Clothing features that improve insulation
Air next to skin + thickness + trapped air layers.fileciteturn4file0
230
Layers of clothing and their functions
Outer = wind/water repellent; middle = insulation; inner = moisture wicking.fileciteturn4file0
231
Hypothermia core temperature threshold
< 35°C.fileciteturn4file0
232
Critical heat loss body regions
Head, neck, chest sides, groin.fileciteturn4file0
233
Temperature where shivering stops
32–34°C.fileciteturn4file0
234
Physiological dangers of severe hypothermia
Hypoxia, acidosis, depressed brain/heart → VFib → death.fileciteturn4file0
235
How hypothermia shifts oxyhemoglobin curve
Left shift: ↑Hb affinity, ↓O2 release.fileciteturn4file0
236
Frostbite temperature threshold
-2°C to -6°C.fileciteturn4file0
237
Why frostbite is often unnoticed
Numbness due to sensory nerve block.fileciteturn4file0
238
Effect of cold air on respiratory tract
Air warmed/humidified; cold dry air irritates airway.fileciteturn4file0
239
Effects of cold on strength and power
↓ nerve conduction, ↓ reaction time, ↓ dexterity.fileciteturn4file0
240
Optimal marathon temperature and why
14°C allows more blood to muscles, less for cooling.fileciteturn4file0
241
Cold effects on cardiovascular endurance
Rare during exercise; possible at low intensity/long duration.fileciteturn4file0
242
Why cold-water immersion is dangerous
Much greater heat loss; survival limited even at 10°C.fileciteturn4file0
243
Water conductivity vs air
~25× conductive capacity of air.fileciteturn4file0
244
Bodies of water temperature survival example
Survival only a few hours in 10°C water.fileciteturn4file0
245
Pressure at sea level
1 atm or 760 mmHg.fileciteturn4file0
246
Pressure increase with depth
+1 atm per 10 m depth.fileciteturn4file0
247
Boyle’s Law
Volume varies inversely with pressure.fileciteturn4file0
248
Why body tissues compress differently than air cavities
Tissues incompressible; air cavities compressible.fileciteturn4file0
249
Snorkel depth limitation reason
Inspiratory muscles cannot overcome water pressure.fileciteturn4file0
250
Effect of snorkel on dead space
Greater dead space → must breathe more to maintain VA.fileciteturn4file0
251
Breath-hold diving: lung squeeze
Compression below RV → capillary damage.fileciteturn4file0
252
Paradoxical drowning mechanism
Low PaO2 on ascent → unconsciousness → drowning.fileciteturn4file0
253
Regulator function in scuba diving
Regulator reduces tank pressure to ambient pressure.fileciteturn4file0
254
Open-circuit scuba definition
Air released on demand; exhaled air goes into water.fileciteturn4file0
255
Air embolism mechanism
Air bubbles enter bloodstream and block vessels.fileciteturn4file0
256
Pneumothorax mechanism
Air pocket expands on ascent → lung collapse.fileciteturn4file0
257
Nitrogen narcosis cause
High PN2 → anesthetic effect.fileciteturn4file0
258
The Bends cause
Rapid ascent → nitrogen bubbles in tissues.fileciteturn4file0
259
Oxygen poisoning threshold
PO2 > 1520 mmHg for 30–60 min.fileciteturn4file0
260
Mask squeeze cause
Unequalized pressure damages eyes.fileciteturn4file0
261
Middle ear squeeze mechanism
Blocked eustachian tube causes vacuum + hemorrhage.fileciteturn4file0
262
Altitude categories (moderate, high, extreme)
Moderate: 1500–3000m; High: >3000m; Extreme: >5500m.fileciteturn4file0
263
Effect of altitude on barometric pressure
Barometric pressure decreases with altitude.fileciteturn4file0
264
PO2 at sea level vs 3048m vs Everest
160 vs 107 vs 52 mmHg.fileciteturn4file0
265
Altitude effect on oxyhemoglobin curve
Small Hb drop until ~3000m.fileciteturn4file0
266
Altitude effect on temperature and humidity
Lower temp, drier air, higher UV.fileciteturn4file0
267
Altitude effect on sprint/jump performance
Lower air density → less resistance.fileciteturn4file0
268
Altitude effect on VO2max
VO2max drops from 1200m+.fileciteturn4file0
269
Immediate cardiovascular responses to altitude
↑HR → ↑Q short-term; ↑a-vO2 diff intermediate term.fileciteturn4file0
270
Long-term adaptations: RBC production
↑RBC production via EPO.fileciteturn4file0
271
Altitude effect on ventilation
Hyperventilation; ↓CO2 → alkalosis.fileciteturn4file0
272
Altitude effects on sensory/mental function
Reduced mental/sensory function.fileciteturn4file0
273
VO2max reduction per 1000 ft
3–3.5% per 1000 ft >5000 ft.fileciteturn4file0
274
Submax exercise differences at altitude
↑HR, ↑VE for same workload.fileciteturn4file0
275
Acclimatization time by altitude
9000ft: 7–10 days; 12,000ft: 15–21 days; 15,000ft: 21–25 days.fileciteturn4file0
276
Altitude training recommendation
2–3 weeks prior to competition.fileciteturn4file0
277
Live high–train low concept
Live at altitude, train low to maintain intensity.fileciteturn4file0
278
Cause of acute mountain sickness
Elevation + rapid ascent + individual susceptibility.fileciteturn4file0
279
Symptoms of AMS
Headache, nausea, insomnia, fatigue.fileciteturn4file0
280
HAPE mechanism
Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction → edema.fileciteturn4file0
281
HAPE symptoms
Dyspnea, cough (frothy/bloody), fatigue.fileciteturn4file0
282
HACE definition and symptoms
Brain swelling → confusion, ataxia, coma.fileciteturn4file0
283
Prevention of altitude illness: ascent rules
Ascend slowly; don't go higher with symptoms.fileciteturn4file0
284
Drug prophylaxis for altitude
Acetazolamide (Diamox).fileciteturn4file0
285
Principles of altitude illness treatment
Stop ascent, descend if worse, never leave ill person alone.fileciteturn4file0
BPK 142
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Decks in class (6)
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