The Nervous System can be divided into 2 parts, which are they and what do they include?
- Central Nervous System ( Brain and spinal cord)
* Peripheral Nervous System (Ganglia and Cranial & Spinal nerves)
What are the meninges? Name them from inside to outside
PAD: Pia (microscopic, part of adherent to the surface of the brain) , Arachnoid (translucid plastic bag) , Dura (normally stay in the skull)
Where is CSF made? And where does it flow?
made in Choroid plexus.
It flows through the spaces underneath arachnoid. The arachnoid villa take the CSF into the venous system
What are the functions of the brain and spinal cord (CNS)
Extracts essence, filters rubbish, compares and integrates
The Brain can be divided in hindbrain, midbrain and forebrain. What do these include?
Hindbrain= Pons, Medulla, Cerebellum
Midbrain= Superior & Inferior Colliculi, Substantia Nigra
Forebrain=
a. Diencephalon= Thalamus, hypothalamus
b. Cerebral Hemispheres=: the Cerebral Cortex, Basal Ganglia, Hippocampus
The brain stem is made up of?
Midbrain, Pons, Medulla
What are the pyramidal decussations?
- where fibres cross (pyramid fibers carry voluntary motor messages from the cerebrum to SC)
- shows most pathways in the CNS crossover
- reason= when an animal from sees a threat from the right hand side, it runs to the left
In the cross- section of the Medulla, you see the pyramid and?
Olivary nucleus
What is the inferior olivary nuclei? and what does it do?
- hundreds of cell bodies of neurones
- go to the cerebellum and bring about motor activity
What is the role of SUPERIOR COLLICULUS?
- slightly larger, receive input from cells in the retina
- eye movements
- more anterior
What is the role of INFERIOR COLLICULUS?
- auditory info.
- more posterior
What happens if substantia nigra degenerates ?
- if neurones there degenerate ->Parkinson disease
- involves with correct movements,
- they secrete Dopamine
What’s the red nucleus involved with ?
involved with motor
What’s the medial geniculate role?
involved with auditory info
What’s the cerebral peduncle?
have various axon tracts, CST,
Outline Cranial Nerves I- XII
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Olfactory, Optic, Oculomotor, Trochlear, Trigeminal, Abducent, Facial,
Vestibulocochlear (formerly Auditory), Glossopharyngeal, Vagus, Accessory, Hypoglossal
Outline the nerve function of cranial nerves
Nerve Function (Sensory, Motor, Both): Some Say Marry Money But My Brother Says Big Breasts Matter More
The thalamus is also known as….? why?
- a gateway to the cortex
- thalamus is a relay for sensory info- eye, ear, taste buds, skin, muscle, NOT smell,
- thalamus is a relay for motor instructions- keeps cortex informed
The ventral posterior thalamus contain map of sensory information. Outline the main subdivisions.
- Medial geniculate nucleus- ear**
- Lateral geniculate nucleus- eye**
- Ventral posterior nucleus - skin/muscle **
The thalamus and the THIRD and FOURTH ventricle are connected by …?
- cerebral aqueduct
= a narrow aqueduct that transverse the MIDBRAIN
