+ CAPS 391 > Brain (CNS) > Flashcards

Brain (CNS) Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the parts of the brain?

A
  • cerebral hemispheres
  • diencephalon
  • cerebellum
  • brainstem
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2
Q

What are the 3 parts of the brain stem?

A
  • midbrain
  • pons
  • medulla oblongata
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3
Q

What does the brain start off as in an embryo?

A

neural tube that contains neural canal

  • anterior side (rostral)
  • posterior side (caudal)
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4
Q

What are the 3 primary brain vesicles?

A
  • prosencephalon (forebrain)
  • mesencephalon (midbrain)
  • rhombencephalon (hindbrain)
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5
Q

What are the 5 secondary brain vesicles?

A
  • telencephalon
  • diencephalon
  • mesencephalon
  • metencephalon
  • myelencephalon
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6
Q

Which secondary brain vesicle does the prosencephalon (forebrain) become?

A
  • telencephalon

- diencephalon

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7
Q

Which secondary brain vesicle does the mesencephalon (midbrain) become?

A

mesencephalon

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8
Q

Which secondary brain vesicle does the rhombencephalon (hindbrain) become?

A
  • metencephalon

- myelencephalon

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9
Q

What adult brain structures does the telencephalon become?

A

cerebral hemispheres (cortex, white matter, basal nuclei)

cerebrum

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10
Q

What adult brain structures does the diencephalon become?

A

thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus

diencephalon

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11
Q

What adult brain structures does the mesencephalon become?

A

midbrain (brain stem)

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12
Q

What adult brain structures does the metencephalon become?

A
  • pons (brain stem)

- cerebellum

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13
Q

What adult brain structures does the myelencephalon become?

A

medulla oblongata (brain stem)

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14
Q

What adult neural canal regions does the telencephalon form?

A

lateral ventricles

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15
Q

What adult neural canal regions does the diencephalon form?

A

third ventricle

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16
Q

What adult neural canal regions does the mesencephalon form?

A

cerebral aqueduct

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17
Q

What adult neural canal regions does the metencephalon form?

A

fourth ventricle

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18
Q

What adult neural canal regions does the myelencephalon form?

A

fourth ventricle

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19
Q

What is the cortex?

A

thin outer shell of gray matter

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20
Q

Brainstem

What is the brainstem composed of?

A

(inferior)

medulla oblongata
pons
midbrain

(superior)

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21
Q

Brainstem

What are the 3 major functions of the brainstem?

A
  • acts as passageway for all ascending and descending tracts between cerebrum and spinal cord
  • contains nuclei of cranial nerves III to XII
  • regulates automatic behaviours required for survival (ie. respiration)
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22
Q

Brainstem - Medulla Oblongata

Describe the structure.

A

pyramidal

separated from pons by the ponto-medullar sulcus (a transverse sulcus) superiorly

continuous with spinal cor inferiorly

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23
Q

Brainstem - Medulla Oblongata

What is the pyramid?

A

elevation on either side of the median anterior fissure, formed by pyramidal tracts

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24
Q

Brainstem - Medulla Oblongata

What is the olive?

A

elevation lateral to the pyramid that overlies inferior olivary nucleus

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25
Brainstem - Medulla Oblongata Which cranial nerves emerge from the medulla oblongata, and where?
cranial nerves IX, X, XI, and XII emerge from the anterolateral surface
26
Brainstem - Medulla Oblongata Describe the composition (inferior half and superior half).
inferior half: composed of gray and white matters - same arrangement as spinal cord superior half: gray matter is embedded within white matter as clusters of nuclei (that are associated with cranial nerve V, VIII, IX, V, XI, and XII)
27
Brainstem - Medulla Oblongata What is the inferior olivary nucleus?
relay centre for proprioceptive info to cerebellum
28
Brainstem - Medulla Oblongata What are 3 other major nuclei?
inferior olivary nucleus nucleus gracilis nucleus cuneatus
29
Brainstem - Medulla Oblongata What tract are the nucleus gracilis and nucleus cuneatus both associated with?
medial lemniscus tract
30
Brainstem - Pons How is the pons related to the cerebellum, medulla oblongata, and midbrain?
cerebellum: posteriorly medulla oblongata: inferiorly midbrain: midbrain
31
Brainstem - Pons Describe the shape.
anterior surface is convex, and carries basilar sulcus (a longitudinal sulcus) occupied by the basilar artery
32
Brainstem - Pons What cranial nerves emerge from the pons, and where?
cranial nerves VI, VII, and VIII emerge from ponto-medullary sulcus cranial nerve V appears at anterolateral surface
33
Brainstem - Pons What is the white matter of the pons formed by?
the ascending and descending tracts
34
Brainstem - Pons How is the gray matter in pons organized?
as nuclei embedded in white matter | - some of these nuclei are related to cranial nerves V, VI, VII, and VIII
35
Brainstem - Pons What is the 1 other major nuclei? What does it do?
pontine nuclei - acts as relay centre for motor pathways between the cerebrum and cerebellum that coordinates the voluntary movements
36
Midbrain What does the midbrain connect to?
pons inferiorly diencephalon superiorly
37
Midbrain What are cerebral peduncles?
two columns on anterior aspect of midbrain, between which CN III emerges
38
Midbrain What are crus cerebri?
descending tracts in cerebral peduncles, such as corticospinal and corticobulbar tract
39
Midbrain What are the superior and inferior colliculi?
4 elevations on posterior aspect of midbrain
40
Midbrain What do the nuclei deep to the colliculi do?
act as relay center for visual (superior colliculi) and auditory (inferior) reflexes
41
Midbrain Where are the ascending tracts?
occupy white matter of midbrain behind the cerebral peduncles
42
Midbrain The nuclei embedded within the white matter is associated with what cranial nerve?
III, IV, V
43
Midbrain What are 2 other major nuclei?
red nucleus | substantia nigra
44
Midbrain What is the red nucleus associated with?
rubrospinal tract, as part of the extrapyramidal pathways
45
Midbrain What is the substantia nigra functionally linked to?
basal ganglia regulating the voluntary movements
46
Cerebellum Where is the cerebellum?
contained within posterior cranial fossa, underneath tentorium cerebelli, behind medulla and pons from which is separated by the fourth ventricle
47
Cerebellum What does the cerebellum consist of?
2 cerebellar hemispheres
48
Cerebellum What are the cerebellar hemispheres connected by?
vermis - a worm-like structure
49
Cerebellum How is the cerebellum attached to the brainstem?
by 3 pairs of cerebellar peduncles - superior cerebellar peduncles - middle cerebellar peduncles - inferior cerebellar peduncles
50
Cerebellum What do superior cerebellar peduncles do?
carry axons that connect the cerebellum to the red nucleus of the midbrain and thalamus
51
Cerebellum What do middle cerebellar peduncles do?
connect pontine nuclei of the pons to the cerebellum
52
Cerebellum What do inferior cerebellar peduncles do?
carry bundles of axons travelling between medulla and cerebellum, such as spinocerebellar tracts
53
Cerebellum Describe gray and white matter in the cerebellum.
gray matter forms cerebellar cortex that surrounds white matter
54
Cerebellum Where are deep cerebellar nuclei located?
in white matter
55
Cerebellum What are folia?
leaf-like ridges/folds in which the cerebellar cortex is thrown into
56
Cerebellum What are the 2 main function of the cerebellum?
- coordination of voluntary movements | - maintenance of posture and balance
57
Diencephalon Where is it located?
between cerebral hemispheres and midbrain
58
Diencephalon What structures does it include?
thalami and all other structures surrounding the third ventricle, such as hypothalamus and epithalamus
59
Diencephalon What is the thalamus?
egg-shaped structure consisting of group of nuclei (most of which are sensory)
60
Diencephalon What does the thalamus do?
relays all senses (except smell) to certain sensory areas of the cerebral hemisphere
61
Diencephalon Where is the hypothalamus?
inferior and medial to thalamus
62
Diencephalon What does the hypothalamus do? (2)
- functions as center of ANS, controlling emotion, body temperature, eating, drinking, etc. - regulates function of the major components of the endocrine system through the pituitary gland
63
Diencephalon What is the epithalamus?
small region posterior and superior to the thalamus, mainly consisting of the pineal gland
64
Diencephalon What does the pineal gland of the epithalamus do?
regulates circadian rhythm and distribution of pigment melanin in the skin
65
Cerebrum What does the cerebrum consist of?
- outer cerebral cortex | - some nuclei deep within white matter
66
Cerebrum What is the outer cerebral cortex?
internal region of cerebral white matter
67
Cerebrum What is the cerebrum composed of?
left and right cerebral hemispheres, contained within the anterior and middle cranial fossae
68
Cerebrum What separates the two hemispheres?
longitudinal fissure (in superior view)
69
Cerebrum What are the 4 main lobes of each cerebral hemisphere?
- frontal - parietal - occipital - temporal
70
Cerebrum What is the main role of the frontal lobe?
initiate motor impulse
71
Cerebrum What is the main role of the parietal lobe?
receive general sensory stimuli
72
Cerebrum What is the main role of the temporal lobe?
receive auditory impulses
73
Cerebrum What is the main role of the occipital lobe?
receive visual impulses
74
Cerebrum Describe the outer surface of the cerebral hemispheres.
have gyri (folds) separated by sulci (furrows)
75
Cerebrum What are the 3 main sulci on each cerebral hemisphere?
- central sulcus - lateral sulcus - parieto-occipital sulcus
76
Cerebrum What does the central sulcus do?
separates frontal lobe from parietal lobe
77
Cerebrum What does the lateral sulcus do?
superior boundary of temporal lobe | separates it from frontal and parietal lobes
78
Cerebrum What does the parieto-occipital sulcus do?
separates parietal lobe from occipital lobe
79
Cerebrum What does the gray matter form?
cerebral cortex
80
Cerebrum What are basal ganglia (nuclei)?
clusters of nuclei within white matter
81
Cerebrum What are the 3 main components of the basal ganglia? What is their function?
- caudate nucleus - putamen - globus pallidus involved in coordination of the motor function
82
Cerebrum Where is the white matter?
deep to the cortex
83
Cerebrum What is white matter formed by?
myelinated nerve bundles
84
Cerebrum How are the myelinated nerve bundles that form white matter classified? (3 groups)
- association fibers - commissural fibers - projectional fibers based on parts of CNS they connect together
85
Cerebrum What do association fibers do?
join different parts of the same cerebral hemisphere
86
Cerebrum What do commissural fibers do?
connect different gyri of one hemisphere to the corresponding gyri of the other hemisphere
87
Cerebrum What is the corpus callosum?
largest commissural fiber bundle located at bottom of longitudinal fissure
88
Cerebrum What are projectional fibers?
include ascending (sensory) and descending (motor) fibers connecting cortex to lower centers of the CNS
89
Cerebrum What is the internal capsule?
projectional fiber thick band of white matter located between caudate nucleus and putamen anteriorly, and thalamus and globus pallidus posteriorly
90
Cerebral Ventricles What embryonic structure is the nervous system developed from?
neural tube
91
Cerebral Ventricles What forms the spinal cord?
caudal part of the neural tube
92
Cerebral Ventricles What forms the cerebral vesicles?
cephalic part of the neural tube
93
Cerebral Ventricles What forms the cerebral ventricles?
lumen of the neural tube in the brain
94
Cerebral Ventricles What is the choroid plexus?
specialized vascular plexus in cerebral ventricles
95
Cerebral Ventricles What does the choroid plexus do?
secrete cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) that circulates in all cerebral ventricles, central canal of spinal cord, and subarachnoid space
96
Cerebral Ventricles What are the 4 ventricles of the brain?
- lateral ventricles (one in each cerebral hemisphere) - third ventricle - fourth ventricle
97
Cerebral Ventricles What are the lateral ventricles?
amorphous space - one in each cerebral hemisphere
98
Cerebral Ventricles What is the interventricular foramen of Monro?
connects each lateral ventricle to the third ventricle
99
Cerebral Ventricles What is the third ventricle?
irregular and narrow space located within diencephalon between the left and right thalami
100
Cerebral Ventricles What is the cerebral aqueduct?
connects third ventricle to fourth ventricle, and passes through the midbrain
101
Cerebral Ventricles What is the fourth ventricle?
diamond-shaped space that is bounded by the pons and upper part of medulla anteriorly, and cerebellum posteriorly
102
Cerebral Ventricles How is the fourth ventricle connected to the central canal of the spinal cord?
inferiorly
103
Cerebral Ventricles How is the fourth ventricle connected to the third ventricle?
superiorly
104
Cerebral Ventricles How is the fourth ventricle connected to the subarachnoid space?
through 2 lateral apertures (foramina of Luschka) and 1 median aperture (foramen of Magendi)
105
Meninges What are the 3 meninges?
(outside) dura mater arachnoid mater pia mater (inside)
106
Meninges What are meninges?
membranes of connective tissue that surround and protect the CNS
107
Meninges - Dura Mater What is dura mater?
thick layer of dense connective tissue that attaches to inner surface of neurocranium in skull, but is separate from the walls of the vertebral canal by the epidural space
108
Meninges - Dura Mater How is dura mater separated from the walls of the vertebral canal
by the epidural space
109
Meninges - Dura Mater Where does the dura mater surrounding the spinal cord end?
at level of vertebra SII
110
Meninges - Dura Mater What is the dura mater within the skull composed of?
outer periosteal layer | inner meningeal layer
111
Meninges - Dura Mater What is the periosteal layer attached to?
inner surface of cranial cavities
112
Meninges - Dura Mater What does the meningeal layer do?
separates from periosteal layer in several locations to form: - dural reflections - dural sinuses
113
Meninges - Dura Mater What do dural reflections do?
form incomplete partitions to divide cranial cavity into some compartments
114
Meninges - Dura Mater What are the 3 dural reflections?
falx cerebri tentorium cerebelli falx cerebelli
115
Meninges - Dura Mater What is the falx cerebri?
dural reflection sagittal sickle shape reflection of dura matter that occupies the longitudinal fissure of the cerebrum, and partially separates the cerebral hemispheres
116
Meninges - Dura Mater What is the tentorium cerebelli?
dural reflection tent-like horizontal sheet that intervenes between cerebellum and occipital lobe of the cerebral hemispheres notched anteriorly to provide a passage for the midbrain
117
Meninges - Dura Mater What is the falx cerebelli?
dural reflection less prominent vertical reflection of the dural sagittal plane along the vermis that partially separates the cerebellar hemispheres
118
Meninges - Dura Mater What do dural sinuses do?
drain venous blood of the brain to the circulatory system
119
Meninges - Arachnoid Mater What is arachnoid mater?
thin layer of loose connective tissue attached to inner surface of dura mater
120
Meninges - Arachnoid Mater How is arachnoid mater separated from pia mater?
by subarachnoid space (which manly contains CSF)
121
Meninges - Arachnoid Mater Where does the subarachnoid space surrounding the spinal cord end?
continues inferiorly and ends at level of vertebra SII
122
Meninges - Arachnoid Mater What is the lumbar cistern?
space between end point of spinal cord (vertebrae LI-LII) and vertebra SII
123
Meninges - Arachnoid Mater What does the lumbar cistern contain?
- roots of the spinal nerves | - CSF
124
Meninges - Arachnoid Mater What are arachnoid granulations (villi)?
small finger-like projections of the arachnoid mater mostly on the superior part of the brain that drain CSF into dural sinuses
125
Meninges - Pia Mater What is pia mater?
delicate, thin layer of connective tissue that is intimately in touch with the surface of the brain and spinal cord
126
Meninges - Pia Mater Where is the pia mater?
follows the contours of the brain and spinal cord and carries the blood vessels to the depth of the nervous tissue of the CNS
127
Meninges - Pia Mater What are denticulate ligaments?
lateral triangular extensions of the pia mater that anchor the spinal cord to the deep surface of the arachnoid and dura maters
128
Meninges - Pia Mater What is the filum terminale?
extension of the pia mater arising from the conus medullaris that extends inferiorly, and fuses with arachnoid and dura maters to anchor the spinal cord to the coccyx
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