Brain Plasticity

Question 1

• The cell formed by the two merged reproductive cells.

Answer 1

Zygote

Question 2

• An organism in its early stage of development; in humans, the developing individual is referred to as an embryo between two and eight weeks following conception.

Answer 2

Embryo

Question 3

• The unborn offspring; used to refer in humans to the developing individual following the embryonic stage until birth.

Answer 3

Fetus

Question 4

One of the initial three germ layers of the embryo, the source of skin and neural tissue.

Answer 4

Ectoderm

Question 5

• One of the initial three germ layers of the embryo that will form connective tissue such as ligaments, muscles, blood vessels, and the urogenital systems.

Answer 5

Mesoderm

Question 6

• One of the initial three germ layers of the embryo, the source of many internal organs.

Answer 6

Endoderm

Question 7

• A structure formed by the developing embryonic neural plate that will eventually form the brain and spinal cord, with the interior of the tube forming the ventricle system of the adult brain.

Answer 7

Neural tube

Question 8

• Neurons and glia originate from cells located in the____ , a layer of cells lining the inner surface of the neural tube.

Answer 8

ventricular zone

Question 9

• is the process by which a cell replicates its chromosomes and then segregates them, producing two identical nuclei in preparation for cell division.

Answer 9

Mitosis

Question 10

• Generation of new cells

Answer 10

Mitosis/Proliferation
Proliferation

Question 11

• Once migration is complete and structures have formed (aggregation), axons and dendrites begin to grow to their “mature” size/shape.

Answer 11

Axon Growth/Synaptogenesis

Question 12

Formation of new synapses

Answer 12

Synaptogenesis

Question 13

Between 40-75% neurons made, will die after migration - death is normal and necessary !!
• Neurons die due to failure to compete for chemicals provided by targets

Answer 13

Neuronal Death

Question 14

• Programmed cell death. Greek word for “falling leaves.”
  • When activated by cell death genes, enzymes known as caspases break up DNA and proteins, which quickly leads to cell death.

Answer 14

apoptosis

Question 15

• By the time a human or other animal is born, much of the wiring of the nervous system is in place.

Answer 15

Neuroplasticity in Adults

Question 16

• By the time a human or other animal is born, much of the wiring of the nervous system is in place.

Answer 16

Neuroplasticity in Adults

Question 17

• The ability to change.

Answer 17

plasticity

Question 18

• A segment of time during development in which a particular experience is influential and after which experience has little or no effect.

Answer 18

critical period

Question 19

• A synapse strengthened by simultaneous activity; named after Donald Hebb.

Answer 19

Hebb synapse

Question 20

• The process in which baby animals, particularly birds, learn to follow their mother immediately upon seeing her after birth or hatching.
  (Konrad Lorenz)

Answer 20

imprinting

Question 21

• A neural tube defect in which the rostral neural tube does not develop normally, resulting in incomplete formation of the brain and skull.

Answer 21

anencephaly

Question 22

the caudal portion of the neural tube fails to close normally.

Answer 22

spina bifida

Question 23

An abnormal genetic condition resulting from a genotype with three copies of chromosome 21, responsible for moderate mental retardation and a characteristic physical appearance.

Answer 23

Down syndrome

Question 24

A heritable genetic disorder that produces cognitive and physical abnormalities.

Answer 24

fragile-X syndrome

Question 25

- level of brain damage and dysfunction varies (Autism Spectrum Disorder)

Answer 25

Heterogenous

Question 26

- intellectually handicapped individuals who display specific cognitive or artistic abilities

Answer 26

Savants