Brazil (EDC) GDP and GDP per capita
- GDP - $1.8 trillion (2016)
- GDP per capita - $8,727 (2016)
Brazil (EDC) population
208 million (2017)
Brazil (EDC) HDI
0.754 (2015) - 79th
Sectoral contribution to GDP in Brazil
69% tertiary secto
What are the current immigration patterns in Brazil?
- Influx of migrants from Haiti and some African countries. These migrants often use Ecuador and Chile as ‘transit countries’, in order to reach Brazil
- Rise in number of international labour migrants - especially due to demand for construction workers before 2014 World Cup and 2016 Olympic Games
What are the current emigration patterns in Brazil (inc net migration loss)?
- Net migration of 500,000 between 2005-2009 and 190,000 in 2010-2014
- Increased migration between Brazil and neighbouring countries, especially members of ‘Mercosur’ (Uruguay, Paraguay and Argentina)
- Fewer low skilled migrants are moving to the USA
- More highly skilled Brazilians are moving to EU, USA and Japan
What are the current internal migration patterns in Brazil?
Strong and continuing internal migration - especially from the northeast to cities in the southeast, such as Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paulo
Why was Brazil a net recipient of migrants in the 20th century?
- Due to Europeans (Italians/Germans/Portuguese) being attracted to work in the agricultural sector (coffee cultivation)
- Migrants were attracted from Japan to work in the agriculture and industry
- Economic migration with neighbours Paraguay and Argentina
- Political crises have also caused migration from Bolivia, Angola and Lebanon
Modern day immigration in Brazil (stats)
Immigration - in the last 15 years, immigration has slowed, 80,000 less immigrants in Brazil than in 2000
Modern day emigration in Brazil (stats)
Emigration has increased - 1.77 million Brazilians living abroad as of 2013 - compared to 0.98 million in 2000. The largest number living in any one country is USA, mainly for economic reasons.
Brazil’s interdependence with Portugal
- Political, social and economic links
- Brazil = ex Portuguese colony
- Economic migrants can use Portugal as gateway to EU, + higher paying jobs mean migrant remittances sent back to Brazil
- Shared language + family ancestry = easy transition
Brazil’s interdependence with USA
- Political, socio-economic + environmental links
- Low-skilled economic migrants migrate from Brazil to USA + send back remittances. Returning migrants bring back new skills + cultural knowledge
- Highly skilled Brazilians are also finding opportunities to work in US service sector
- USA has agreements w Brazil regarding agriculture, trade, finance + education
- USAID funds Brazil in many environmental projects, eg helping indigenous tribes to protect their lands from fires, to creating + implementing sustainable forest management laws
Brazil migrant flows w Haiti (stats, human rights and explain why haitians make the move)
- Political, econommic + humanitarian links
- National Immigration Council for Brazil enables Haitians to obtain visas relatively easily - great benefit to Haitians who were part of 1.5 million displaced in 2010 earthquake
- Over 10,000 Haitians moved to Brazil between 2010-2013
- Continues to be large flows of Haitians towards Brazil due to political instability, high unemployment and high poverty rates in Haiti. Haiti also has terrible human rights record - gender-based vioence
- Low-skilled jobs on offer for Haitians
Impact of immigration and emigration in Brazil: Economic Development
- Waves of immigration in different periods from Japan, Portugal, Italy, etc have contributed to growth in manufacturing + agriculture sectors.
- Recent arrivals of highly skilled workers have contributed to a boost in entrepreneurship and innovation
- Economic emigration has resulted in migrant remittances ($2.4 billion in 2014)
Impact of immigration and emigration in Brazil: Political stability
- Brazil has a stable + democratic political system, is a member of Mercosur, the G20 + OECD + is also part of BRICS group of emerging nations
- Stable political relationships with countries w which has significant bilateral migrant flows eg USA + Portugal
- Brazil’s government set up a system to make visas easily obtainable for political + environmental refugees
Impact of immigration and emigration in Brazil: Social inequality
- Inequalities between different ethnic groups w/in Brazil - existing housing provision, education + income. Brazilians of African descent are most affected.
- Inequalities are often concentrated in rural areas or in favelas (to which poor people migrate)
- Prejudice exists in labour market, often against black + indigenous people
