1
Q
What are breasts also known as?
A
mammary glands
2
Q
what type of gland are mammary glands?
A
modified sudoriferous (sweat) glands
3
Q
where is each mammary gland located?
A
within the hypodermis
4
Q
How many lobes are in each mammary gland?
A
15-20 lobes
5
Q
What is each lobe composed of?
A
Multiple lobules
6
Q
Where is milk produced in the breast?
A
Terminal duct lobular unit (TDLU)
7
Q
What structures make up the TDLU?
A
Small lobules and terminal ducts
8
Q
what is the pathway of milk from production to exit?
A
TDLU → lactiferous duct → lactiferous sinus → collecting ducts → nipple
9
Q
Which muscles are the breasts attached to?
A
Pectoralis major and serratus anterior
10
Q
How is the nipple described anatomically?
A
Conical or cylindrical prominence
11
Q
At what anatomical level is the nipple usually located?
A
Around the 4th intercostal space
12
Q
What type of epithelium lines the nipple and collecting ducts?
A
Stratified squamous epithelium
13
Q
What epithelial transition occurs after the collecting ducts?
A
Abrupt transition to glandular epithelium
14
Q
What are the two cell layers in mammary glands?
A
Inner secretory epithelial layer, outer myoepithelial layer
15
Q
What is the composition of the myoepithelial layer?
A
Dense fibrous tissue mixed with smooth muscle
16
Q
What is the function of myoepithelial cells?
A
Contract to help express milk
17
Q
How do smooth muscles in the nipple function?
A
Circular and radial muscles cause nipple erection and aid milk expression
18
Q
what is the areola?
A
ring of pigmented skin around the nipple
19
Q
How does the areola change during pregnancy?
A
Pigmentation increases
20
Q
Does the areola contain hair or sweat glands?
A
No, it lacks both
21
Q
What glands are found in the areola?
A
Areolar glands, also called Glands of Montgomery
22
Q
What are the visible bumps on the areola called?
A
Montgomery tubercles
23
Q
What do the Glands of Montgomery secrete?
A
Oily substance
24
Q
What is the function of areolar gland secretions?
A
Lubricate and protect the nipple and areola
25
How else do areolar glands support breastfeeding?
Provide olfactory stimulus for newborns to help with feeding
26
What are Montgomery glands?
Sebaceous, oil-producing glands in the areola
27
How many Montgomery glands are typically present per areola?
4-28 glands
28
What are the main functions of Montgomery glands?
- lubrication
- protection
- antimicrobial action
- neonatal olfactory cue
29
How do Montgomery glands help prevent infection?
secrete substances with antimicrobial properties
30
What nerves supply the breast?
Anterior and lateral cutaneous nerves
31
What are the main arterial supplies to the breast?
External mammary, internal mammary, and intercostal arteries
32
What is the origin of the external mammary artery?
Subclavian → axillary → external mammary (lateral thoracic) artery
33
What is the origin of the internal mammary artery?
Subclavian → internal mammary (thoracic) artery
34
What is the primary venous drainage of the breast?
axillary vein
35
What is another vein involved in breast drainage?
internal thoracic vein
36
What is the main lymphatic drainage pathway of the breast?
Axillary (lateral) pathway
37
What are the other lymphatic drainage pathways?
Internal mammary and retromammary pathways
38
What makes up most of the breast tissue?
Connective tissue and fat
39
What fascia covers the breast?
Superficial fascia
40
What fascia connects the breast to underlying structures?
Deep fascia
41
What are Cooper’s ligaments?
Suspensory ligaments that connect breast skin to pectoral muscles
42
What is the function of Cooper’s ligaments?
Maintain breast shape and structural support
43
What immune cells are present in breast tissue?
Lymphocytes, plasma cells, mast cells, macrophages
44
What does TDLU stand for?
Terminal duct lobular unit
45
What structures make up the TDLU?
Small lobules and terminal ducts
46
What is the main function of the TDLU?
Produce breast milk
47
How does the TDLU change during the menstrual cycle?
It undergoes cyclic structural changes
48
What happens to the TDLU in the follicular phase?
Fewer terminal ducts, simple two-layer epithelium, surrounded by myoepithelium
49
What happens to the TDLU in the luteal phase?
Prominent myoepithelial cells, thicker luminal epithelium, stromal edema
50
What symptoms result from luteal phase breast changes?
Fullness and tenderness
51
What happens to the TDLU during menses?
Returns to follicular phase state
52
What changes occur in the breast during puberty?
Increased pigmentation of the nipple and areola
53
How does pigmentation change during pregnancy?
Further increases in nipple and areola
54
When does full functional breast development occur?
During pregnancy and lactation
55
What happens to glandular tissue during pregnancy?
It increases
56
What changes occur in early pregnancy in the breast?
Rapid TDLU growth and increased stromal vascularity
57
What changes occur in late pregnancy in the TDLU?
Lobular epithelial cells become vacuolated due to increased secretions
58
What happens to the breast after lactation ends?
Gland involution due to cell death and tissue remodeling
59
How does breast composition change with menopause?
Increased adipose tissue relative to fibrous tissue
60
What happens to remaining fibrous tissue in menopause?
It surrounds and compresses ducts
61
What happens to TDLUs in menopause?
They atrophy
62
Which breast structures remain in menopause?
Large and intermediate ducts
63
What is acute mastitis?
Infection and inflammation of the breast, common during breastfeeding
64
When does acute mastitis most often occur?
Early postpartum
65
What are the main causes of acute mastitis?
Nipple cracks and milk stasis or blockage
66
Which bacteria commonly cause acute mastitis?
Staphylococcus and Streptococcus
67
What are the key symptoms of acute mastitis?
Pain, edema, erythema, fever, malaise
68
Is acute mastitis usually unilateral or bilateral?
unilateral
69
Is periductal mastitis related to pregnancy or lactation?
no
70
What is the underlying mechanism of periductal mastitis?
Squamous metaplasia leads to keratin plugging and duct obstruction
71
What is a major risk factor for periductal mastitis?
Cigarette smoking
72
What is the typical presentation of periductal mastitis?
Painful subareolar mass with erythema
73
What happens when a keratin plug ruptures?
Keratin spills into stroma and triggers inflammation
74
What defines granulomatous mastitis?
Inflammation with granuloma formation
75
What is duct ectasia?
Dilation of ducts with inflammation and fibrosis
76
Who is most affected by duct ectasia?
Perimenopausal and postmenopausal women
77
What are common symptoms of duct ectasia?
Nipple discharge, pain, mass
78
What is fat necrosis in the breast?
Death of fat cells with inflammation and fibrosis
79
What is the usual cause of fat necrosis?
Trauma to the breast
80
How does fat necrosis present clinically?
Hard breast mass
81
What are the main categories of breast pathology?
Benign epithelial lesions, stromal lesions, malignant lesions
82
What are common benign epithelial breast lesions?
Fibrocystic breasts, fibroadenoma, phyllodes tumor
83
What causes fibrocystic breast changes?
Hormonal fluctuations, estrogen affects ducts, progesterone affects stroma
84
How do fibrocystic breasts present clinically?
Bilateral, multifocal, mobile nodules, pain, swelling
85
Are fibrocystic changes cyclical?
Yes, worse in luteal phase, improve with menses
86
When does nipple discharge occur in fibrocystic breasts?
When cysts rupture
87
What type of tissue composes a fibroadenoma?
Both stromal and epithelial elements
88
How common is breast cancer in women?
about 1 in 8 women
89
What is the mortality ranking of breast cancer?
Second after lung cancer
90
When does breast cancer risk increase?
After age 40
91
What percentage of breast cancers are sporadic?
about 90%
92
How does estrogen affect breast cancer risk?
Stimulates most cancers
93
What percentage of breast cancers are familial?
about 10 %
94
What genes are most commonly involved?
BRCA1 and BRCA2
95
What is the inheritance pattern of BRCA mutations?
Autosomal dominant
96
What is in situ breast carcinoma?
Confined within basement membrane
97
What is invasive breast carcinoma?
Tumor cells invade surrounding stroma
98
What are the two main in situ types?
DCIS and LCIS
99
Where is breast cancer most commonly located?
Upper outer quadrant
100
How does IDC appear on imaging?
: Irregular, dense mass
101
What is Paget disease of the nipple?
Malignant cells invade nipple epidermis
102
What are Paget cells?
Malignant glandular cells in epidermis
103
What determines prognosis in Paget disease?
Stage of underlying breast cancer
BMS 250
flashcards
Decks in class (37)
# Cards
-
Female Reproductive System63
-
Physiology and Endocrinology of Uterine and Ovarian Cycles106
-
Pathophysiology of PCOS and Complications29
-
Immunology of Skin132
-
Microbiology of Skin Infections92
-
Skin Pathologies119
-
Pathophysiology of dermatitis 126
-
Microbiology of STI and Vaginal Infections75
-
Pathophysiology of Uterus, Vagina, and Adnexa126
-
Lung Anatomy153
-
Pulmonary Circulation and Control of Breathing125
-
Ventilation and Respiration66
-
Allergic Rhinitis90
-
Pathophysiology of Restrictive and Obstructive Lung Diseases Part 1106
-
Pathophysiology of Major Neoplastic Diseases of the Lungs78
-
Pathophysiology of major restrictive and obstructive lung disease (part II) and major pulmonary vascular disorder70
-
Microbiology of Infections of Lower Respiratory Tract53
-
Respirology 479
-
Microbiology of the Genitourinary system and physiology of lower urinary tract and select pathologies100
-
Renal Anatomy75
-
Renal Physiology51
-
Renal Physiology 296
-
Kidney Pathology 1101
-
Kidney Pathology 2 Pt 188
-
Kidney Pathology 2 Pt 2130
-
Kidney Pathology 387
-
Kidney Pathology 472
-
Bone Anatomy154
-
Endrocrinology, Biochemistry and physiology of bone109
-
Physiology of Menopause and Temperature Regulation129
-
Bone Pathology140
-
Pregnancy144
-
Breast103
-
Anatomy, Spermatogenesis and Histology of the Male Reproductive System115
-
Pathophysiology of Major Conditions of the Male Reproductive Tract129
-
Physiology of ED65
-
Pathophysiology of Androgen Deficiency74
