Breast

Question 1

What is fibrocystic disease?

Answer 1

• benign
• lumpiness in one or usually both breast /cyst in the breast
• pain/tenderness in breast
• due to hormonal related changes

Question 2

What is fat necrosis and what is the cause?

Answer 2

• hard lump - mimics cancer clinically

- trauma to breast can result in localised haemorrhage and necrosis

Question 3

What is mastitis and its causes?

Answer 3

inflammatory condition, happens a lot in women that have just given birth

• red, tender and ward breast
• caused by blocked ducts
• smoking can also cause it
• should encourage breast feeding as breast will expand more as milk not being expressed (breast feeding relieves the pressure)

Question 4

What are examples of benign tumours in the breast ?

Answer 4

• fibroadenoma (breast mumps) fibrosis tissue that moves a lot (can become malignant)
• papilloma

Question 5

What are examples of malignant tumours of the breast?

Answer 5

• ductal carcinoma
• lobular carcinoma
• pagets disease

Question 6

What do triple assessments include? look up further

Answer 6

• clinical impression
• radiology
• cytology/histology

Question 7

What is a papilloma?

Answer 7

wart-like growth
it is benign
can grow up to 2cm

Question 8

What might be symptoms of papilloma?

Answer 8

bleeding or nipple discharge

Question 9

What is a fibroadenoma?

Answer 9

• rubbery lump
• appears at reproductive age
  benign
• can increase in soze in pregnancy

Question 10

What are the non modifiable risk of breast cancer?

Answer 10

BRCA genes (hereditary )
the taller you are increases risk
age
early childbirth and having children reduces risk
if breastfeeding this reduces risk of breast cancer
early menache/ periods (as more exposure to oestrogen)

Question 11

What is a modified risk of breast cancer?

Answer 11

alcohol
dietary factors (eating fatty foods)
low physical activity
obesity as oestrogen is produced from fat

Question 12

What are the clinical presentations of breast cancer?

Answer 12

• lumps
• skin dimpling
• change in colour in skin or texture
• clear or bloody fluid that leaks out of nipple
• changes in how the nipple looks / inverted nipple

Question 13

Why is it more difficult to preform a mammography on someone aged under 35?

Answer 13

• more solid/ mass
• more glands
• more fatty
• below 35 use ultra sound scan

Question 14

What is ductal carcinoma in-situ? (DCIS)

Answer 14

• abnormality of the milk ducts
• it is a pre- malignant condition
• can grow very rapidly
• treat with mastectomy
• IN-SITU means it can not spead distantly

Question 15

What is lobular carcinoma in-situ? (LCIS)

Answer 15

• tends to be BRCA 1 & 2

- normally affects both breast

Question 16

What are the treatments for breast cancer ?

Answer 16

• surgery/ lymph node dissection
• chemo/ radiotherapy
• hormone therapy ( if sensitive to hormones such as tamoxifen, Herceptin)

Question 17

What is pagets disease of the nipple?

Answer 17

• affects skin of one nipple
• causes eczema type of rash, itchy and possible bleeding
• sign of underlying breast cancer

Question 18

What types of surgery’s can be preformed for breast cancer?

Answer 18

• lumpectomy (just take the lump)
• wide local excision (take tumour and bit of local tissue)
• mastectomy (all the breast)
• sentinel lymph node (to stop the spread)