SYSTEMIC PHARMACOLOGY > Breast > Flashcards

Breast Flashcards

(37 cards)

Study These Flashcards
1
Q

4 groups of diseases of breast**

A
  • Inflammatory disorders: mastitis, fat necrosis
  • Benign epithelial diseases: fibrocystic changes
  • Neoplastic conditions: fibroadenoma, carcinoma
  • Gynecomastia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

diagnostic tests for breast (3)**

A
  • Clinical examination
  • Radiology – ultrasound, Mammogram, MRI
  • Pathology – FNA (fine needle aspiration), Core Biopsy, Excision Biopsy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

acute mastitis pathogenesis

A

proliferation of staphs in milk

  • > acute inflammation w/ neutrophils
  • > acute abscess formation
  • > inflammatory breast cancer
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

treatment of breast abscess (3 steps)

A
  1. incise and drain
  2. antibiotics
  3. excision
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

idiopathic granulomatous mastitis

  • what type of disease
  • who it affects
  • complications
A 
inflammatory disease (rare)
parous women (given birth)

TB (granulomatous inflammation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

treatment of idiopathic granulomatous mastitis (3)

A

steroids
immunosuppressives
surgery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

breast augmentation causes (3)

A
  • paraffin injections
  • implants
  • autologous tissue (tissue taken from somewhere else then implanted into the breast
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q 
breast augmentation (paraffin injections) complications
\+ micro characteristics
A

paraffinoma

- multinucleate giant cell rxn

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

fibrocystic change (FCC)

  • occurs at which age group
  • clinical presentation
  • micro features (4)**
  • complication
A

benign epithelial breast lesion

  • reproductive age group
  • lumps (not localised)

(CASE)
- **stromal sclerosis/ fibroadenomatoid change,
cystic dilation of ducts,
epithelial hyperplasia,
apocrine metaplasia (breast epithelial cells -> sweat glandular cells)

  • risk of malignancy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

histological classification of breast neoplasms (8)**

A
  • Epithelial tumours: Papilloma, carcinoma
  • Myoepithelial tumours: adenomyoepithelioma
  • Fibroepithelial tumours – fibroadenoma, phyllodes
  • Mesenchymal tumours - lipoma
    (mesenchymal cells -> develop into connective/lymphatic tissue)
  • Tumours of nipple – Paget’s
  • Malignant lymphoma
  • Metastatic tumours
  • Tumours of male breast – gynecomastia, carcinoma
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

fibroadenoma

  • what type of tumour
  • affects who
  • macro + micro characteristics
  • behavior
A

benign fibroepithelial tumour
young women (25yrs)
firm, well defined lump
proliferation of glandular and stromal elements, circumscribed and uniform

can recur/regress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

phyllodes tumour

  • what type of tumour
  • origin
  • microscopic appearance
  • complication
A

fibroepithelial
leaflike architecture. not well circumscribed - some parts enter adjacent tissue
risk of malignancy (higher than fibroadenoma)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

risk factors of breast cancers (6)**

A
  • caucasian
  • perimenopausal age (before menopause - 40yrs)
  • nulliparous (never given birth) or give birth >30 yrs
  • early menarche (start menstruation early)/ late menopause
  • high socio-economic status: obese/ alcohol
  • past history of breast disease/ family history (affects 5% - BRCA1 gene mutation)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

clinical presentation of breast cancers (5)**

A
  • Palpable NON MOBILE mass
  • Nipple discharge, nipple retraction, Paget’s disease
  • lumps in axillary area
  • skin: tethering/ ulcerations
  • Mammographic density and calcifications
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

non-invasive malignant epithelial carcinomas of breast (5 types)

A
  • Ductal carcinoma in-situ
  • Lobular carcinoma in-situ: tend to be invasive
  • NST (no special type)
  • Special types – mucinous, tubular, medullary, micropapillary, metaplastic etc
  • Lobular carcinomas
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

in-situ cancer vs
invasive cancer vs
metastatic cancer

Study These Flashcards
A
  • in-situ cancer: basement membrane intact
  • invasive cancer: basement membrane disrupted, invasion into surrounding stroma
  • metastatic cancer: distal spread through blood vessels to lymph nodes/ distant organ
17
Q

DCIS presentation (5)

Study These Flashcards
A 
Incidental finding 
Mammographic density 
Nipple discharge 
Paget’s disease 
Palpable mass
18
Q

LCIS presentation

Study These Flashcards
A

Incidental finding

not associated with calcifications or stromal desmoplastic reactions that produce mammographic densities

19
Q

location: DCIS vs LCIS

Study These Flashcards
A

DCIS: ducts
LCIS: lobules
(based on their name DUH)

20
Q

cell size: DCIS vs LCIS

Study These Flashcards
A

DCIS: medium/large
LCIS: Small

21
Q

histological subtypes: DCIS vs LCIS

Study These Flashcards
A 
DCIS: 
- Comedo (prominent apoptotic cell death and has greater malignant potential
- cribriform
- solid
- papillary
- micropapillary 
LCIS:
- solid
22
Q

presence of calcifications: DCIS vs LCIS

Study These Flashcards
A

DCIS: may be present
LCIS: absent

23
Q

Risk of subsequent invasive breast cancer + location: DCIS vs LCIS

Study These Flashcards
A

DCIS: higher risk. ipsilateral invasion -> increases risk of invasice carcinoma by 10 times
LCIS: lower risk. can be ipsilateral/contralateral

24
Q

types of breast carcinoma (8)

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Lobular **
  • Mucinous
  • Tubular
  • Papillary
  • Apocrine
  • Micropapillary
  • Medullary
  • Secretory
    no special type
25
lobular carcinoma - association - gross features - micro features - complications
- **E cadherin mutation - mass w/ irregular border - infiltrative tumour cells often arranged in a single file/loose clusters/sheets No tubule formation Minimal/no desmoplasia May have signet-ring cells - metastasis (peritoneum & retroperitoneum, leptomeninges, GIT, ovary & uterus) - mutation: form Invasive lobular carcinoma/ Signet-ring cell gastric adenocarcinoma does not form glands single cell lined up
26
medullary carcinoma - histo features - prognosis - metastasis
- Well-circumscribed, soft, fleshy Little desmoplasia Solid sheets of large cells with vesicular pleomorphic nuclei & prominent nucleoli presence of mitotic figures Lymphocytic infiltrate: pushing non-infiltrative borders Poorly differentiated - better prognosis than IDC (invasive ductal carcinoma) - does not usually metastasise
27
tubular carcinoma - micro features - prognosis - metastasis
- Small irregular masses Well-formed tubules without myoepithelial cell layer May see cribriform pattern, apocrine metaplasia or intraluminal calcifications - good prognosis - may metastasise to axillary lymph nodes
28
Paget's disease - what is it - pathogenesis - location - gross appearance
- DCIS involving nipple - Extension of DCIS along ducts within the epithelial layer to the area under the skin over nipple - UNILATERAL - ulceration of nipple, erythematous eruption with a scaley crust
29
factors affecting prognosis of breast cancers (6)
``` (based on gross features) - TNM stage** T: size of tumour, invasion of pectoralis, invasion of skin/ ulceration N: nodal involvement - how many M: metastasis ``` ``` (based on micro features) - grade (3 grades)** tubule formation, mitosis, nuclear pleomorphism - histologic subtype - lymph/vascular invasion ``` (based on immunohistochemical stains) - whether it involves estrogen/progesterone receptors (ER/PR) -> HR (hormone receptor) positive will have better prognosis - CerB2 (growth factor) amplification
30
male breast diseases (2)
- gynaecomastia | - carcinoma (rare)
31
causes of gynaecomastia (6)**
- pubertal: hormonal imbalance - testicular atrophy - liver cirrhosis - estrogen secreting tumours - increased prolactin levels - drugs: digoxin
32
frequency of breast screening
40-49: once a year | >50: once every 2 years
33
what increases risk of malignancy of FCC (fibrocystic change)**
- epithelial hyperplasia - atypical ductal hyperplasia - sclerosing adenosis (ductal proliferation)
34
invasive ductal carcinoma histological features**
- invasive glandular structures - desmoplastic stroma (dense connective tissue) - malignancy cytologica features
35
symptoms of metastatic disease (4)
- bone pain - jaundice - pleural effusion - weight loss
36
what organism is likely to be found in breast abscess
staph aureus
37
gynaecomastia clinical presentation
BILATERAL breast enlargement
SYSTEMIC PHARMACOLOGY
flashcards
Decks in class (22)
# Cards
Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2026 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions