anatomy 3 > brianto > Flashcards

brianto Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the largest lobe of the cerebral cortex?

A

frontal

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2
Q

what are the areas of the frontal lobe?

A

prefrontal cortex
primary motor cortex
brocas area

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3
Q

what is the prefrontal cortex function?

A

decision making
problem solving
complex planning
personality

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4
Q

what is the function of the motor cortex?

A

plan, control and execute voluntary movement

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5
Q

what is the function of pre motor cortex?

A

coordinate learned movements

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6
Q

what is the function of primary motor cortex?

A

control voluntary function and movement

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7
Q

what instigates bilateral movement of extraocular muscles, muscles of upper face, mandible, tongue, larynx and pharynx?

A

primary motor cortex

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8
Q

what is the function of brocas area?

A

production of speech
regulates breathing while speaking
coordinates muscles of larynx, pharynx, lips, cheeks, tongue

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9
Q

where is brocas area usually found?

A

left hemisphere

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10
Q

what is the diagnosis when a patient can conceptualise and comprehend words but cannot form words?

A

brocas aphasia

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11
Q

what is brocas aphasia

A

when a patient can conceptualise and comprehend words but cannot form words - attempt at speech is jumbled

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12
Q

what effect on speech will damage to brocas area have?

A

patient can make sounds but not form words

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13
Q

what is the main function of the parietal lobe?

A

processing sensory information

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14
Q

what areas are located in the parietal lobe?

A

primary somatosensory cortex (post central gyrus)
somatic sensory association area

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15
Q

what is the function of the primary somatosensory cortex?

A

tactile sensation
concious perception of pain, pressure, touch, taste, temperature and vibration
sensory homunculus

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16
Q

what is the function of the posterior parietal cortex?

A

spatial perception
spacial attention
cognitive functions
helps us recognise objects in our hands without seeing them

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17
Q

why is more of the brain devoted to the hands head and neck on the homunculus diagram?

A

these are areas with fine movement and lots of sensory nerves - MOM facial expression muscles

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18
Q

what is the function of the occipital lobe?

A

visual processing centre of the brain
contains primary visual cortex

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19
Q

where will you find the visual cortex?

A

occipital lobe around the calcarine sulcus

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20
Q

where does the primary visual cortex receive visual information form?

A

thalamus

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21
Q

where does the visual cortex recieve fibres from?

A

the temporal half of the ipsilateral retina and the medial half of the contralateral retina

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22
Q

what is the function of the secondary visual cortex?

A

relate visual information recieved in primary visual area to past experience

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23
Q

where is the secondary visual cortex?

A

surrounding the primary visual cortex

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24
Q

what is the function of the temporal lobe?

A

process sensory information especially hearing and smell
other function - long term memory formation, process olfactory stimuli, visual perception and recognition

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25
what areas will you find in the temporal lobe?
auditory cortex and wernickes area
26
what is the function of the auditory cortex?
hearing, speech, words, pitch and tone
27
what is the function of wernickes area?
understanding speech
28
what nerve fibres connect brocas and wernickes area?
arcuate fasciculus
29
what is wernickes aphasia?
patient can speak words easily but does not know the meaning of the words being used as language comprehension is affected
30
what lobes are primarily affected and atrophied in alzheimers disease?
temporal and parietal
31
a lesion in which lobe causes memory problems and why?
temporal as memory formation is a function of the temporal lobe
32
why might an alzehimers patient be disorientated?
damage to the parietal lobe
33
what are the portions of frontal, parietal and temporal lobe concealing the insula called?
operculum
34
where is the insula found?
deep to the lateral sulcus
35
what is the function of insula thought to be?
anterior - speech posterior - integrating info related to touch, vision and hearing
36
what are the fibres passing from the cortex to the thalamus, brainstem and spinal cord and from thalamus to the cortex called?
corona radiata
37
a stroke in the internal capsule on the left hand side affects which side of the body?
RHS
38
what is paresis?
motor weakness
39
what is the main function of the basal nuclei?
motor control primarily
40
what are the 5 basal nuclei?
caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus which altogether form corpus striatum subthalmic nucleus substantia nigra
41
what forms corpus striatum?
caudate nucleus, putamen and globus pallidus
42
where will you find the subthalmic nucleus?
diencephalon
43
where will you find the substantia nigra?
midbrain
44
where do the basal nuclei project neurons to to relay information to cerebral cortex?
thalamus (then relays information to cerebral cortex)
45
what will damage of the basal nuclei cause?
loss of control of smooth movements and inability to inhibit antagonistic movements
46
what is an example of a disease caused by damage to basal nuclei?
Parkinsons - difficulty initiating movement huntingtons disease - excessive involuntary jerky movements
47
what connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland?
infundibulum/pituitary stalk
48
what is the function of hypothalamus?
maintain homeostasis -control autonomic systems -monitor blood glucose -monitor body temp -control release of hormones from pituitary through releasing hormones -circadian cycle
49
where does hypothalamus sit in relation to the thalamus?
inferior and anterior
50
what hormones are released from the pituitary gland?
GH - growth H TSH - thyroid stimulating H FSH - follicle stimulating H LH - luteinizing H
51
how does pituitary regulate hormone synthesis and release?
synthesising releasing and inhibiting factors which control the release of hormones produced by anterior pituitary
52
what lies anterior and slightly superior to pituitary gland?
optic chiasm
53
what condition is caused by overproduction of growth hormone by the pituitary gland?
acromegaly
54
how might a dentist notice acromegaly?
increase in the size of jaw leading to gaps between teeth
55
what are the symptoms of acromegaly?
growth of hands and feet large lips nose and tongue voice deeper
56
if acromegaly is untreated what are the consequences?
high bp diabetes sleep apnoea
57
why might diagnosis of acromegaly be slow and difficult?
acromegaly is commonly caused by a pituitary tumour and these have a slow growth rate so symptoms can take years to arise
58
what does the ventricular system of the brain do?
produce and circulate CSF
59
what are ventricles in the brain?
fluid filled cavities that provide protection
60
what cells produce CSF?
choroidal epithelial cells of choroid plexus which is located in each ventricle
61
what separates the lateral ventricles?
septum pellucidum
62
what connects the third and fourth ventricles?
cerebral aqueduct
63
what sits on the lateral sides of the third ventricle in a cross section?
thalamus
64
what connects the lateral ventricles to the third ventricle?
inter ventricular foramen
65
where is the fourth ventricle located?
between brain stem and cerebellum
66
what spaces does CSF fill and what is its function?
ventricles and subarachnoid space protection and provide buoyancy for brain so its weight does not compress CN roots/BVs
67
how does CSF leave the 4th ventricle?
via lateral and median apertures into subarachnoid space
68
what is a subarachnoid cistern?
formed when subarachnoid space varies in depth
69
what is the result of a blockage in the ventricular system?
accumulation of CSF causing distention of the ventricles and pressure on the cerebral hemispheres
70
where does spinal cord begin and end?
begins at foramen magnum as continuation of medulla ends at L1-L2
71
what is the imnferior end of spinal cord known as?
conus medullaris
72
what does the cervical enlargement of the spinal cord between C4 and T1 contribute to?
brachial plexus
73
what does the lumbrosacral enlargement at T11-S1 contribute to?
lumbrosacral plexus
74
how many cervical vertebrae are there?
7
75
how many thoracic vertebrae are there?
12
76
how many sacaral vertebrae are there?
5
77
how many lumbar vertebrae are there?
5
78
what does the conus medullaris continue as?
filum terminal
79
what is the filum terminale anchored to superiorly and inferiorly?
pia mater coccyx
80
what does the size of the ventral horn of grey mater in spinal cord reflect?
how much skeletal muscle is innervated at that level
81
what roots come from dorsal horn of spinal cord?
afferent sensory
82
what roots come from ventral horn of spinal cord?
efferent motor
83
where are the anterior horns of spinal cord largest?
cervical and lumbar as they innervate muscles of limbs
84
what do the ventral motor efferent roots and dorsal sensory afferent roots converge to become?
spinal nerve - mixed motor and sensory
85
what converges to become the spinal nerve?
ventral motor efferent roots and dorsal sensory afferent roots
86
what do spinal nerves divide into?
ventral and dorsal rami
87
where do ventral and dorsal rami of spinal nerves exit?
intervertebral foramen
88
all spinal nerves emerge between adjacent vertebrae except for one, which?
C1 emerges between occipital bone and atlas
89
how are cervical nerves numbered and what is the exception?
according to the vertebra below with the exception of C8 as there are 7 cervical vertebrae but 8 cervical nerves
90
cervical nerves are numbered according to the vertebra below, how are all other spinal nerves numbered ?
according to the vertebra above
91
how many pairs of spinal nerves are there?
31
92
what protects and encloses the spinal cord?
cranial meninges dura, arachnoid, pia
93
what lies between the dura and vertebrae?
fatty tissue (epidural fat) for protection and venous plexus
94
what must be ruled out before a lumbar puncture to sample CSF?
raised intercranial pressure
95
what forms the denticulate ligament?
pia mater
96
which spinal nerve has no dermatome?
C1 - ant. face and scalp is supplied by CNV
97
what is the name given to an area of skin supplied by a single spinal nerve?
dermatome
98
what is a dermatome?
an area of skin supplied by a single spinal nerve
99
what is the name given to the unilateral mass of muscle supplied by a single cranial nerve?
myotome
100
what is a myotome?
unilateral mass of muscle supplied by a single cranial nerve
101
where do efferent motor fibres travel?
CNS to PNS
102
where do sensory afferent fibres travel?
PNS to CNS
anatomy 3
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