BRICS

Question 1

How has there been growing tensions in South Africa?

Answer 1

• Cities with a youthful more educated population losing faith with the establishment (ruling African National Congress, ANC) in elections hence increasingly parliamenatry seats for the populist Economic Freedom Fighters (EEF)
• Plus youth more fed up with costs of globalisation through income per capita growth expanding regional disparities between race ( White incomes in rand per person (‘000) have increased from 15 (1920) to 80 (2010) Vs Black incomes increasing from 2 (1920) to 8 (2010)

Question 2

How has there been growing tensions in Brazil (due to globalisation)?

Answer 2

• Increased trade through the Treaty of Asunción 1991 (joined MERCOSUR) hence increased access to trade bloc thus free trade has caused increased competition therefore agrarian-based farmers in Brazil to be unemployed structurally (uncompetitive)
• MERCOSUR has increased income inequalities between agrarian-based Brazilians in Amazonia (Manaus) in contrast to the East Atlantic coastline where financial services are booming (Brasilia and Rio de Janeiro) (‘Exclusion Games; protest 2016 symbolised this)

Question 3

How has there been growing tensions in Russia?

Answer 3

• Nomadic reindeer herders called the Khanty people in Russia’s Arctic Circle territory Whilst of Russian citizenship are increasingly associated to the Inuit who make up the Arctic Circle in Canada, Russia, Scandinavia and Alaska (increased nationalist undercurrents

Question 4

How has there been growing tensions in China?

Answer 4

• Hukou system (increased tension on rural migrants lacking status hence access to state-provision of goods / services)