1
Q
What is pulmonary hyperinflation?
A
Air trapping due to incomplete emptying of alveoli during exhalation.
2
Q
What causes static pulmonary hyperinflation?
A
Loss of elastic recoil of the lungs.
3
Q
What causes dynamic pulmonary hyperinflation?
A
Insufficient exhalation time during severe expiratory airflow limitation.
4
Q
What is the main mechanism of air trapping?
A
Incomplete alveolar emptying.
5
Q
What disease commonly causes pulmonary hyperinflation?
A
COPD.
6
Q
What are the phases of COPD?
A
Exacerbation and remission.
7
Q
What is an exacerbation in COPD?
A
Worsening of respiratory symptoms requiring additional treatment.
8
Q
What is remission in COPD?
A
Period when symptoms are stable or reduced.
9
Q
What is a major risk factor for COPD?
A
Smoking.
10
Q
What smoking index indicates increased COPD risk?
A
More than 10 pack-years.
11
Q
What is the formula for pack-years?
A
(Cigarettes per day × years smoked) / 20.
12
Q
What symptom predominates in chronic bronchitis phenotype?
A
Cough.
13
Q
What symptom predominates in emphysematous phenotype?
A
Dyspnea.
14
Q
Which COPD phenotype has more cough than dyspnea?
A
Bronchitis phenotype.
15
Q
Which COPD phenotype has more dyspnea than cough?
A
Emphysematous phenotype.
16
Q
Is bronchial obstruction present in both COPD phenotypes?
A
Yes.
17
Q
Which phenotype commonly has cyanosis?
A
Bronchitis phenotype.
18
Q
What color is the skin in emphysematous phenotype?
A
Pink.
19
Q
What happens to pulmonary hypertension in bronchitis phenotype?
A
Develops rapidly.
20
Q
When does pulmonary hypertension occur in emphysema phenotype?
A
Usually in terminal stages.
21
Q
Is cachexia common in bronchitis phenotype?
A
No.
22
Q
Is cachexia common in emphysematous phenotype?
A
Yes.
23
Q
Is polycythemia common in bronchitis phenotype?
A
Yes.
24
Q
Is polycythemia common in emphysema phenotype?
A
Rare.
25
What X-ray finding is common in bronchitis phenotype?
Pneumofibrosis and increased lung markings.
26
What X-ray finding is common in emphysema phenotype?
Signs of emphysema.
27
What happens to diffusion capacity in bronchitis phenotype?
Gradual decrease.
28
What happens to diffusion capacity in emphysema phenotype?
Early decline.
29
What are the three main components of COPD assessment?
Spirometry, symptom scales, exacerbation frequency.
30
Which symptom scales are used in COPD assessment?
mMRC and CAT.
31
What does mMRC assess?
Dyspnea severity.
32
What does CAT assess?
Impact of COPD on quality of life.
33
What complications can occur in COPD?
Secondary emphysema.
34
What cardiac complication can occur in COPD?
Chronic pulmonary heart disease.
35
What respiratory complication can occur in COPD?
Respiratory failure.
36
What structural airway complication may occur in COPD?
Bronchiectasis.
37
What lab test can show inflammation in COPD?
CRP blood test.
38
What hematological change may occur in COPD exacerbation?
Leukocytosis.
39
What leukocyte change occurs during infection in COPD?
Neutrophilia with left shift.
40
What happens to ESR in COPD exacerbation?
Moderately elevated.
41
What happens to hemoglobin in COPD?
Normal or increased.
42
What happens to platelets in COPD?
Usually normal.
43
What sputum characteristic appears in COPD exacerbation?
Purulent sputum.
44
What cells dominate sputum during COPD exacerbation?
Neutrophils.
45
What imaging methods are used for COPD diagnosis?
Chest X-ray and CT.
46
What CT finding indicates air trapping?
Areas of low density compared with normal lung tissue.
47
What is bronchiectasis?
Chronic disease with localized bronchial dilation and recurrent infection.
48
What symptom characterizes bronchiectasis?
Productive cough.
49
What radiological change occurs in bronchiectasis?
Bronchial dilation and deformation.
50
What are two main bronchiectasis symptoms?
Productive cough and sputum.
51
What type of sputum is typical in bronchiectasis?
Mucopurulent or purulent sputum.
52
What happens to sputum when it stands in bronchiectasis?
Separates into layers.
53
Front
Back
54
What are the prevalence classifications of bronchiectasis?
One-sided, double-sided, single, multiple.
55
What does unilateral bronchiectasis mean?
Bronchiectasis affecting one lung.
56
What does bilateral bronchiectasis mean?
Bronchiectasis affecting both lungs.
57
What does single bronchiectasis mean?
Only one bronchial dilation focus.
58
What does multiple bronchiectasis mean?
Several dilated bronchi in different lung areas.
59
What are the morphological forms of bronchiectasis?
Cylindrical, saccular, spindle-shaped, cystic, mixed.
60
What is cylindrical bronchiectasis?
Uniform dilation of the bronchi.
61
What is saccular bronchiectasis?
Sac-like dilation of bronchi.
62
What is spindle-shaped bronchiectasis?
Spindle-like enlargement of bronchi.
63
What is cystic bronchiectasis?
Severe cyst-like bronchial dilation.
64
What is mixed bronchiectasis?
Combination of different morphological types.
65
What are the etiological groups of bronchiectasis?
Congenital, post-infectious, immunodeficiency-related, post-inhalation, connective tissue disease related.
66
What congenital disorder may cause bronchiectasis?
Congenital structural bronchial defects.
67
What infection commonly causes post-infectious bronchiectasis?
Severe pneumonia.
68
What immune problem can lead to bronchiectasis?
Immunodeficiency.
69
What inhalational factor may cause bronchiectasis?
Chronic inhalation of toxic substances.
70
Which systemic diseases can cause bronchiectasis?
Connective tissue diseases.
71
What structural change occurs in bronchial walls in bronchiectasis?
Thickening and dilation.
72
What vascular change occurs in bronchiectasis?
Neovascularization.
73
What mucosal reaction occurs in bronchiectasis?
Chronic inflammation.
74
What infection pattern occurs in bronchiectasis?
Chronic purulent infection.
75
What is the most common complaint in bronchiectasis?
Productive cough.
76
When is cough worse in bronchiectasis?
In the morning.
77
What body position may increase sputum drainage in bronchiectasis?
Drainage position.
78
What amount of sputum is typical in bronchiectasis?
Large amounts.
79
What type of sputum is typical in bronchiectasis?
Purulent or mucopurulent.
80
What symptom involving blood may occur in bronchiectasis?
Hemoptysis.
81
What type of dyspnea occurs in bronchiectasis?
Expiratory dyspnea.
82
What systemic symptoms may occur in bronchiectasis?
Signs of intoxication.
83
What cyanosis may appear in bronchiectasis?
Central cyanosis.
84
What finger deformity occurs in chronic bronchiectasis?
Drumstick fingers.
85
What nail change occurs in bronchiectasis?
Watch-glass nails.
86
What chest deformity may appear in bronchiectasis?
Emphysematous chest.
87
Is chest palpation painful in bronchiectasis?
Usually no.
88
What happens to vocal fremitus over bronchiectasis?
Increased.
89
What happens to vocal fremitus if emphysema is present?
Decreased.
90
What percussion sound occurs over bronchiectasis areas?
Dull sound.
91
What percussion sound occurs over normal lung areas?
Clear pulmonary sound.
92
What percussion sound may occur if emphysema is present?
Box-like sound.
93
What happens to lung apex position in bronchiectasis?
Usually unchanged.
94
What happens to the lower lung border in bronchiectasis?
Limited mobility.
95
What type of breathing sound may occur in bronchiectasis?
Harsh breathing.
96
What may happen to vesicular breathing in bronchiectasis?
May be weakened.
97
What type of rales occur in bronchiectasis?
Moist rales.
98
Where are rales typically located in bronchiectasis?
Over the bronchiectasis zone.
99
What happens to bronchophony in bronchiectasis?
Strengthened over affected area.
100
What blood change occurs during bronchiectasis infection?
Leukocytosis.
101
What leukocyte type predominates in bronchiectasis sputum?
Neutrophils.
102
What inflammatory marker increases in bronchiectasis?
CRP.
103
What imaging pattern appears in bronchiectasis?
Reticular lung deformation.
104
What lung volume change may occur in bronchiectasis imaging?
Reduced lung volume.
105
What diagnostic imaging confirms bronchiectasis?
Bronchography.
106
What bronchography sign indicates bronchiectasis?
Finger-ring sign.
107
What bronchography sign shows bronchial wall thickening?
Tram-rail sign.
108
Front
Back
109
What are complications of bronchiectasis?
Bleeding, abscess, empyema, chronic obstructive bronchitis, amyloidosis, pulmonary heart.
110
What serious bleeding complication can occur in bronchiectasis?
Hemorrhage.
111
What lung infection complication can occur in bronchiectasis?
Lung abscess.
112
What pleural complication may occur in bronchiectasis?
Empyema.
113
What chronic airway disease may develop from bronchiectasis?
Chronic obstructive bronchitis.
114
What systemic complication may occur due to chronic inflammation in bronchiectasis?
AA amyloidosis.
115
What cardiac complication may develop in severe bronchiectasis?
Pulmonary heart (cor pulmonale).
116
What must be included in bronchiectasis diagnosis formulation?
Localization of bronchiectasis.
117
What morphological information must be included in bronchiectasis diagnosis?
Form of bronchiectasis.
118
What stage must be included in bronchiectasis diagnosis?
Exacerbation or remission.
119
What additional information must be included in bronchiectasis diagnosis?
Complications.
120
What is pulmonary emphysema?
Irreversible enlargement of air spaces distal to terminal bronchioles.
121
What structural destruction occurs in emphysema?
Destruction of alveolar walls.
122
What happens to alveoli in emphysema?
They enlarge and lose elasticity.
123
What are the main origins of emphysema?
Primary and secondary.
124
What causes primary emphysema?
Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency.
125
What causes secondary emphysema?
Chronic inflammation and smoking.
126
What genetic deficiency leads to early emphysema?
Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency.
127
What environmental factor is the most common cause of emphysema?
Smoking.
128
What imbalance causes tissue destruction in emphysema?
Protease–antiprotease imbalance.
129
What immune process may contribute to emphysema?
Autoimmune reactions in alveolar tissue.
130
What regeneration problem occurs in emphysema?
Impaired lung parenchyma regeneration.
131
What bronchial change occurs during emphysema?
Early expiratory collapse of bronchi.
132
What pressure change occurs in emphysema alveoli?
Increased intra-acinar pressure.
133
What is the main symptom of emphysema?
Expiratory dyspnea.
134
What type of cough occurs in emphysema?
Usually unproductive cough.
135
What type of cyanosis may appear in emphysema?
Central cyanosis.
136
What change in respiratory rate may occur in emphysema?
Increased respiratory rate.
137
What venous change may occur in advanced emphysema?
Neck vein swelling.
138
What chest shape is typical in emphysema?
Barrel chest.
139
What change occurs in subclavian fossae in emphysema?
Bulging.
140
What rib orientation occurs in emphysema?
Horizontal ribs.
141
What happens to intercostal spaces in emphysema?
They widen.
142
What happens to respiratory excursion in emphysema?
It decreases.
143
What happens to vocal fremitus in emphysema?
It decreases.
144
What happens to chest elasticity in emphysema?
Elasticity is reduced.
145
What percussion sound occurs in emphysema?
Box-like (hyperresonant) sound.
146
What happens to the diaphragm in emphysema?
It becomes flattened.
147
What happens to lung borders in emphysema?
They shift downward.
148
What happens to heart size appearance in emphysema imaging?
Heart appears narrow and vertical.
149
What breathing sound occurs in emphysema?
Weakened vesicular breathing.
150
Are additional respiratory sounds common in emphysema?
No.
151
What happens to bronchophony in emphysema?
It decreases.
152
What laboratory test can detect alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency?
Biochemical blood test.
153
What sputum characteristic is typical in emphysema?
Small amount of mucus sputum.
154
What cellular composition is seen in emphysema sputum?
Depends on associated pathology.
155
What imaging pattern appears in emphysema?
Increased lung transparency.
156
What happens to pulmonary vascular markings in emphysema?
They are reduced.
157
What structural change visible in CT indicates emphysema?
Bullae formation.
158
Front
Back
159
What is respiratory failure?
A condition in which the respiratory system fails to maintain adequate gas exchange.
160
What are the two main types of respiratory failure?
Restrictive and obstructive respiratory failure.
161
What characterizes restrictive respiratory failure?
Reduced lung expansion and lung volumes.
162
What characterizes obstructive respiratory failure?
Airflow limitation due to airway obstruction.
163
What type of dyspnea occurs in restrictive respiratory failure?
Inspiratory dyspnea.
164
What type of dyspnea occurs in obstructive respiratory failure?
Expiratory dyspnea.
165
Is cough common in restrictive respiratory failure?
Often absent or minimal.
166
What happens to cyanosis in restrictive respiratory failure?
Central cyanosis may occur.
167
What spirometry change occurs in restrictive respiratory failure?
Reduced FVC.
168
What happens to FEV1 in early restrictive respiratory failure?
Usually normal or slightly decreased.
169
What happens to MVV in restrictive respiratory failure?
Reduced.
170
What causes airflow limitation in obstructive respiratory failure?
Bronchial narrowing and increased resistance.
171
What symptom often worsens after coughing attacks in obstructive RF?
Shortness of breath.
172
What type of wheezing occurs in obstructive respiratory failure?
Dry wheezing.
173
What happens to FEV1 in obstructive respiratory failure?
Significantly reduced.
174
What happens to MVV in obstructive respiratory failure?
Reduced.
175
What is broncho-obstructive syndrome?
A syndrome characterized by airway narrowing and airflow limitation.
176
What are the main components of broncho-obstructive syndrome?
Bronchospasm, inflammation, airway collapse, decreased bronchial tone.
177
What is bronchospasm?
Constriction of bronchial smooth muscles.
178
What inflammatory change occurs in broncho-obstructive syndrome?
Edematous inflammatory changes in bronchial tree.
179
What happens to small bronchi during broncho-obstructive syndrome?
Early expiratory collapse.
180
What happens to large bronchi tone in broncho-obstructive syndrome?
Decreased tone.
181
What spirometry test measures lung function during breathing?
Spirometry.
182
What is tidal volume (TV)?
Volume of air inhaled and exhaled during normal breathing.
183
What is inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)?
Maximum additional air inhaled after normal inspiration.
184
What is expiratory reserve volume (ERV)?
Maximum additional air exhaled after normal expiration.
185
What is residual volume (RV)?
Air remaining in lungs after maximal exhalation.
186
What is vital capacity (VC)?
Maximum air exhaled after maximal inhalation.
187
What formula defines vital capacity?
VC = TV + IRV + ERV.
188
What is forced vital capacity (FVC)?
Volume exhaled forcefully after full inspiration.
189
What is FEV1?
Volume exhaled during the first second of forced expiration.
190
What does FEV1 evaluate?
Airflow limitation.
191
What is the Tiffeneau index?
FEV1/VC ratio.
192
What value of Tiffeneau index indicates obstruction?
<70%.
193
What is the Gensler index?
FEV1/FVC ratio.
194
What value of Gensler index indicates obstruction?
<70%.
195
What happens to FEV1 in obstructive lung disease?
Decreases significantly.
196
What happens to FVC in obstructive disease?
Normal or slightly reduced.
197
What happens to FEV1/FVC ratio in obstructive disease?
Decreased.
198
What happens to VC in restrictive disease?
Reduced.
199
What happens to FEV1/FVC ratio in restrictive disease?
Normal or increased.
200
What is the flow-volume curve?
Graph showing airflow against lung volume.
201
What happens to expiratory curve in obstruction?
It becomes concave or scooped.
202
What parameter represents maximum expiratory flow at 75% of FVC?
MEF75.
203
What parameter represents maximum expiratory flow at 50% of FVC?
MEF50.
204
What parameter represents maximum expiratory flow at 25% of FVC?
MEF25.
205
What happens to MEF50 in obstruction?
Reduced.
206
What happens to MEF25 in obstruction?
Reduced.
207
What lung disease pattern shows a smaller but normal-shaped flow-volume loop?
Restrictive disease.
208
What lung disease pattern shows scooped expiratory curve?
Obstructive disease.
209
What parameter reflects small airway obstruction earliest?
MEF25.
210
Front
Back
211
What is COPD?
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease characterized by persistent airflow limitation.
212
What are the two major components of COPD pathology?
Chronic bronchitis and emphysema.
213
What is the main symptom triad of COPD?
Dyspnea, chronic cough, sputum production.
214
What causes airflow limitation in COPD?
Chronic inflammation and airway narrowing.
215
What structural change occurs in COPD airways?
Bronchial wall thickening.
216
What inflammatory cells dominate COPD inflammation?
Neutrophils, macrophages, CD8+ T cells.
217
What does chronic airway inflammation cause in COPD?
Airway remodeling.
218
What does airway remodeling lead to?
Irreversible airflow obstruction.
219
What is air trapping?
Retention of air in lungs due to incomplete expiration.
220
What causes air trapping?
Early airway closure and loss of elastic recoil.
221
What lung volume increases in air trapping?
Residual volume (RV).
222
What happens to functional residual capacity (FRC) in COPD?
It increases.
223
What happens to total lung capacity (TLC) in emphysema?
It increases.
224
What is pulmonary hyperinflation?
Excessive expansion of lungs due to air trapping.
225
What two types of pulmonary hyperinflation exist?
Static and dynamic hyperinflation.
226
What causes static hyperinflation?
Loss of elastic recoil of lung tissue.
227
What causes dynamic hyperinflation?
Insufficient expiration time during rapid breathing.
228
What symptom results from hyperinflation?
Dyspnea.
229
What mechanical change occurs in diaphragm during hyperinflation?
Flattening of diaphragm.
230
How does diaphragm flattening affect breathing?
Decreases breathing efficiency.
231
What happens to chest shape in COPD hyperinflation?
Barrel-shaped chest.
232
What is the role of body plethysmography?
Measurement of lung volumes and airway resistance.
233
Which lung volume cannot be measured with spirometry?
Residual volume (RV).
234
What lung capacity includes residual volume?
Total lung capacity (TLC).
235
What capacity equals RV + ERV?
Functional residual capacity (FRC).
236
What lung capacity equals TV + IRV + ERV + RV?
Total lung capacity.
237
What gas exchange abnormality occurs in severe COPD?
Hypoxemia.
238
What carbon dioxide change occurs in advanced COPD?
Hypercapnia.
239
What blood gas change results from hypoventilation?
Respiratory acidosis.
240
What compensation may occur in chronic respiratory acidosis?
Metabolic compensation with increased bicarbonate.
241
What happens to oxygen saturation in severe COPD?
It decreases.
242
What test evaluates gas exchange in lungs?
Diffusion capacity test (DLCO).
243
What happens to DLCO in emphysema?
It decreases.
244
Why does DLCO decrease in emphysema?
Loss of alveolar surface area.
245
What happens to pulmonary capillary bed in emphysema?
It is reduced.
246
What radiologic feature indicates emphysema?
Hyperlucent lungs.
247
What happens to pulmonary vascular markings in emphysema imaging?
They decrease.
248
What diaphragm appearance occurs on X-ray in emphysema?
Flattened diaphragm.
249
What heart appearance occurs in severe emphysema?
Narrow vertical heart.
250
What is a bulla in emphysema?
Large air-filled cavity from alveolar destruction.
251
What complication may occur if a bulla ruptures?
Spontaneous pneumothorax.
252
What structural destruction defines emphysema?
Alveolar wall destruction.
253
What enzyme contributes to emphysema tissue damage?
Elastase.
254
What protein normally inhibits elastase?
Alpha-1 antitrypsin.
255
What imbalance leads to emphysema development?
Protease–antiprotease imbalance.
256
What genetic disorder leads to early emphysema?
Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency.
257
What lobe region is commonly affected in smoking-related emphysema?
Upper lobes.
258
What lobe region is affected in alpha-1 antitrypsin emphysema?
Lower lobes.
259
What is the main clinical manifestation of emphysema?
Progressive dyspnea.
260
What physical exam sound occurs during emphysema percussion?
Hyperresonant (box-like) sound.
261
What breathing sound occurs in emphysema auscultation?
Decreased vesicular breathing.
262
What happens to vocal fremitus in emphysema?
It decreases.
263
Front
Back
264
What is the GOLD classification used for in COPD?
Assessing severity of airflow limitation.
265
What spirometry parameter determines GOLD stage?
FEV1 percentage of predicted value.
266
What FEV1 value corresponds to GOLD 1 COPD?
FEV1 ≥80% predicted.
267
What FEV1 value corresponds to GOLD 2 COPD?
FEV1 50–79% predicted.
268
What FEV1 value corresponds to GOLD 3 COPD?
FEV1 30–49% predicted.
269
What FEV1 value corresponds to GOLD 4 COPD?
FEV1 <30% predicted.
270
What symptom assessment tools are used in COPD?
CAT and mMRC scales.
271
What does CAT stand for?
COPD Assessment Test.
272
What does the mMRC scale measure?
Dyspnea severity.
273
What is an exacerbation of COPD?
Acute worsening of respiratory symptoms.
274
What are common causes of COPD exacerbations?
Infections and air pollution.
275
What symptom usually increases during COPD exacerbation?
Dyspnea.
276
What sputum change occurs during COPD exacerbation?
Increase and purulence.
277
What infection type often triggers exacerbation?
Bacterial infection.
278
What laboratory change may occur in COPD exacerbation?
Leukocytosis.
279
What inflammatory marker rises during COPD exacerbation?
CRP.
280
What imaging method helps detect emphysema changes?
Chest CT scan.
281
What CT feature indicates emphysema?
Areas of low attenuation.
282
What CT sign may indicate bronchiectasis?
Signet ring sign.
283
What is the signet ring sign?
Dilated bronchus larger than adjacent artery.
284
What is tram-track sign in bronchiectasis?
Parallel thickened bronchial walls.
285
What sputum feature characterizes bronchiectasis?
Large purulent sputum.
286
What classic sputum behavior occurs when bronchiectasis sputum stands?
Separates into layers.
287
What infection cycle characterizes bronchiectasis?
Infection–inflammation cycle.
288
What finger deformity is seen in chronic lung disease?
Clubbing.
289
What nail change accompanies clubbing?
Watch-glass nails.
290
What auscultation sound occurs in bronchiectasis?
Moist rales.
291
Where are moist rales usually localized?
Over affected bronchi.
292
What percussion sound occurs over bronchiectasis areas?
Dull sound.
293
What condition causes hemoptysis in bronchiectasis?
Bronchial wall damage.
294
What is the best imaging test for bronchiectasis diagnosis?
High-resolution CT.
295
What lung volume change occurs in restrictive disease?
Reduced lung volumes.
296
What lung volume change occurs in obstructive disease?
Normal or increased lung volumes.
297
What breathing difficulty type occurs in obstruction?
Expiratory dyspnea.
298
What breathing difficulty type occurs in restriction?
Inspiratory dyspnea.
299
What physical exam sign suggests lung hyperinflation?
Barrel chest.
300
What happens to diaphragm position in hyperinflation?
It becomes flattened and lowered.
301
What lung sound indicates fluid in alveoli?
Crackles.
302
What lung sound indicates airway narrowing?
Wheezing.
303
What does wheezing indicate?
Airflow through narrowed airways.
304
What pulmonary complication results from chronic hypoxia?
Pulmonary hypertension.
305
What heart condition results from pulmonary hypertension?
Cor pulmonale.
306
What side of the heart is affected in cor pulmonale?
Right ventricle.
307
What blood change occurs in chronic hypoxia?
Polycythemia.
308
What purpose does bronchodilator testing serve?
Assess reversibility of obstruction.
309
What disease shows reversible obstruction on bronchodilator test?
Asthma.
310
What disease shows poorly reversible obstruction?
COPD.
311
What lung test measures diffusion capacity?
DLCO test.
312
What DLCO change occurs in emphysema?
Decreased DLCO.
313
What DLCO change occurs in chronic bronchitis?
Usually normal or mildly decreased.
314
What lung condition produces concave expiratory flow-volume curve?
Obstructive lung disease.
315
What lung condition produces small normal-shaped curve?
Restrictive lung disease.
316
Front
Back
317
What is the main function of the respiratory system?
Gas exchange between air and blood.
318
What gases are exchanged in the lungs?
Oxygen and carbon dioxide.
319
What structure is the main site of gas exchange?
Alveoli.
320
What happens to alveolar surface area in emphysema?
It decreases.
321
Why does oxygen diffusion decrease in emphysema?
Loss of alveolar walls.
322
What happens to lung elasticity in emphysema?
It decreases.
323
What is elastic recoil of the lung?
The ability of the lung to return to its original shape after expansion.
324
What happens to elastic recoil in emphysema?
It decreases.
325
Why does airway collapse occur during expiration in emphysema?
Loss of elastic recoil.
326
What phenomenon causes airflow limitation in emphysema?
Early airway closure.
327
What happens to small bronchioles in emphysema during expiration?
They collapse.
328
What respiratory pattern often occurs in severe COPD?
Pursed-lip breathing.
329
Why do COPD patients use pursed-lip breathing?
To prevent airway collapse during expiration.
330
What is ventilation-perfusion mismatch?
Imbalance between airflow and blood flow in lungs.
331
What condition causes V/Q mismatch in COPD?
Airway obstruction and alveolar destruction.
332
What blood gas abnormality occurs first in COPD?
Hypoxemia.
333
What later blood gas abnormality occurs in severe COPD?
Hypercapnia.
334
What is hypoxemia?
Low oxygen level in arterial blood.
335
What is hypercapnia?
Elevated carbon dioxide level in blood.
336
What symptom results from hypoxemia?
Cyanosis.
337
What skin sign indicates chronic hypoxemia?
Blue discoloration of lips and skin.
338
What is central cyanosis?
Bluish discoloration of mucous membranes due to low oxygen.
339
What happens to respiratory muscles in severe COPD?
They become fatigued.
340
What accessory muscles assist breathing in COPD?
Neck and shoulder muscles.
341
What clinical sign indicates accessory muscle use?
Elevated shoulders during breathing.
342
What is the tripod position in respiratory distress?
Patient leaning forward with arms supported.
343
Why does the tripod position help breathing?
Improves diaphragm efficiency.
344
What is pulmonary rehabilitation?
Exercise and education program for chronic lung disease.
345
What lifestyle change is most important in COPD management?
Smoking cessation.
346
What medication group relaxes bronchial smooth muscle?
Bronchodilators.
347
What medication reduces airway inflammation in COPD?
Corticosteroids.
348
What therapy provides oxygen for hypoxemic COPD patients?
Long-term oxygen therapy.
349
What device measures oxygen saturation?
Pulse oximeter.
350
What oxygen saturation value indicates hypoxemia?
<90%.
351
What imaging method best evaluates lung structure?
CT scan.
352
What radiographic feature suggests hyperinflation?
Flattened diaphragm.
353
What chest shape indicates chronic hyperinflation?
Barrel chest.
354
What is a lung bulla?
Large air-filled cavity due to alveolar destruction.
355
What complication may occur if bullae rupture?
Spontaneous pneumothorax.
356
What is pneumothorax?
Air in the pleural space.
357
What symptom is typical of pneumothorax?
Sudden chest pain and dyspnea.
358
What physical exam sign occurs in pneumothorax percussion?
Hyperresonance.
359
What auscultation finding occurs over pneumothorax?
Absent breath sounds.
360
What test measures lung ventilation capacity during maximal breathing?
MVV (Maximum Voluntary Ventilation).
361
What happens to MVV in obstructive disease?
Decreases.
362
What happens to MVV in restrictive disease?
Decreases.
363
What lung condition results from prolonged pulmonary hypertension?
Cor pulmonale.
364
What is the main feature of cor pulmonale?
Right ventricular enlargement.
365
What causes pulmonary hypertension in lung disease?
Chronic hypoxia and vascular constriction.
366
What vascular response occurs during hypoxia?
Pulmonary vasoconstriction.
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