1
Q
Carbohydrates- RDA
A
- 130 g/d
- 520 kcal/d
- 45-65% diet
- Amount of glucose required for brain to support normal physiological function
2
Q
Fiber- RDA
A
- 14 g/100kcal
- More for men than women
- GI, DM, benefits
3
Q
Simple sugars- RDA
A
- Part of the carbohydrate intake
- < 30-50 g of sugar
4
Q
Protein- RDA
A
- 45-56 g/d
- 10-30%
5
Q
Thiamine- phys fxn
A
- Cofactor for enzymes in cellular glucose and amino acid metabolism
6
Q
Thiamine- RDA
A
- 1.2-1.1 mg/d
- No know adverse effect for taking in excess
7
Q
Riboflavin- phys fxn
A
- Coenzyme in oxidation/ reduction reaction- FMN & FAD
- Required for fatty acid oxidation and mitochondrial electron transport- ATP from glucose
8
Q
Riboflavin- RDA
A
- 3-1.1 mg/d
- No upper limit
9
Q
Niacin- phys fxn
A
- Precursor for NAD/ NADP
- Involved in energy metabolism pathway
- Catabolism of fatty acids & glycolysis
- Synthesis for cholesterol, DNA, RNA
10
Q
Niacin- RDA
A
16-14 mg/ day
- Max 35 mg/day to avoid flushing
11
Q
Pantothenic acid- phys fxn
A
- CoA- brings acetyl coA into citric acid cycle
- Fatty acid oxidation
12
Q
Pantothenic acid- AI
A
- Not enough evidence for RDA
- 5 mg/d
13
Q
Pyridoxine- phys fxn
A
- Involved in amino acid metabolism
- Heme biosynthesis
14
Q
Pyridoxine- RDA
A
- 1.3 mg/d
- UL: 100 mg/d
- High intake- sensory neuropathy
15
Q
Biotin- phys fxn
A
Facilities energy metabolism- fatty acid synthesis, gluceogenesis
16
Q
Biotin- AI
A
30 mcg/d
- No upper limit
17
Q
Cyanocobalamin- phys fxn
A
- Methionine synthase- methylation rxns, Roxy of fatty acids
- RBC formation and maturation
18
Q
Cyanocobalamin- RDA
A
- Risk of vegans/ vegetarians- no plant based
- 2.4 mcg/day
19
Q
Folate- phys fxn
A
Facilitates DNA replication, Turning genes on and off
20
Q
Folate- RDA
A
- 400 mcg/day
- Max: 1000 mcg/day
- Important in pregnancy- neural tube defects
21
Q
Vit C- phys fxn
A
- Cellular antioxidant
- Neutralizes free radicals
- Enhances iron absorption
- Collagen formation & stability- wound healing, bleeding gums, petechiae
22
Q
Vit C- RDA
A
- 75 - 90 mg/day
- Smokers +35mg/day due to increased free radicals
- UL: 2000 mg/day
23
Q
Vit A- fxn
A
- Vision
- Gene transcription: reprodcution, immune, embryonic,
24
Q
Vit A- RDA
A
- 700-900 mcg retinol activity equivalents
- UL: 10,000 iu, 3,000 RAE
Upper limit can cause birth defects in pregnancy
25
Vit D- fxn
- Helps body absorb calcium
| - Gene transcription
26
Vit D- RDA
600 IU/day
| - UL: 4,000 IU/day
27
Vit E- fxn
- lipid soluble antioxidant
| - integrity of biological membranes
28
Vit E- RDA
15 mg
| - UL: 1000 mg
29
Vit K- fxn
- Allows normal blood clotting
| - AI 90-120 mg/day
30
Hormone of satiety: Ghrelin
- Produced in stomach
- When elevated stimulates appetite
- Decreased initiates satiety
31
Hormone of satiety: Leptin
- Produced in adipocytes & stimulates hypothalamus
| - Initiates satiety
32
Hormone of satiety: Orexin
- Stimulates food craving, arousal and wakefulness
- Increased by ghrelin & hypoglycemia
- Narcolepsy
- Inhibited by leptin
33
Thiamine deficiency- Eti
- Due to alcoholism
34
Thiamine deficiency- Sx
- Anorexia, muscle cramps, paresthesia & irritability
- Wet beriberi- high output HF
- Dry beriberi- Pain, paresthesia and loss of reflex
35
Thiamine deficiency- Dx
- Clinical response to thiamine supplementation
| - Urinary thiamine excretion
36
Thiamine deficiency- Tx
Large parenteral thiamine doses
37
Riboflavin deficiency- Eti
- occur in combination with other deficiencies due to undernutrition and medication interactions
38
Riboflavin deficiency- Sx
- Cheilosis
- Angular stomatitis
- Glossitis
- Seborrrheic dermatitis
- Corneal vascularization
- Anemia
39
Riboflavin deficiency- Dx
- Measurement of erythrocyte reductase and serum levels
40
Riboflavin deficiency- Tx
- Empirical treatment through nutrition & oral supplements
41
Niacin- Eti
- alcoholism, nutrient- drug interactions, inborn errors of metabolism
42
Niacin- Sx
- Traid of pellagra: dermatitis (dark, dry and scaling), diarrhea & dementia
43
Niacin- Dx
- Urine test
| - Clinical
44
Niacin- Tx
Oral niacin
45
Vit B 6- Eti
Medication interactions
- Alcoholism
- Immunodeficiency
46
Vit B 6- Sx
- mouth soreness, glossitis, cheilosis, weakness, and irritability
- Peripheral neuropathy, anemia, seizures
47
Vit B 6- Dx
Pyridoxal phosphate levels in blood
48
Vit B 6- Tx
- Oral supplementation
49
Vit C- Eti
- Dietary inadequacy in urban poor, elderly & chronic alcoholism
- Cigarettes, CKD & CA
50
Vit C- Sx
- Malaise & weakness
- Scurvy: Petechiae, bleeding gums, perifollicular hy[erkeratotic papules
- Edema, oliguria & neuropathy
51
Vit C- Dx
Clinically based on skin lesions
- Atraumatic hemearthrosis
- Decreased plasma levels
52
Vit C- Tx
Ascorbic acid, improvement occurs within days
53
Vit A- Eti
Most common- elderly & urban poor
- Common cause of blindness
- Fat malabsorption syndromes of mineral oil laxatives
54
Vit A- Sx
- Night blindness
- Xerosis
- Bitot spots
55
Vit A- Dx
- Low serum levels
| - Abnormalities in dark adaptation
56
Vit A- Tx
- Oral supplementation
57
Fat
- Unsaturated better
- 20-35% of diet
- Type of fat important- no trans, saturated
GM
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