BSC 2085 Chapter 5 Study Guide

Question 1

Define tissue

Answer 1

A group of cells that work together to perform a specific function

Tissues are the building blocks of organs and systems in the body.

Question 2

Define matrix

Answer 2

The extracellular substance in which tissue cells are embedded

The matrix provides structural and biochemical support to surrounding cells.

Question 3

Define tissue membrane

Answer 3

A thin layer of tissue that covers a surface or lines a cavity

Tissue membranes can be composed of epithelial tissue, connective tissue, or a combination of both.

Question 4

Define goblet cell

Answer 4

A specialized epithelial cell that secretes mucus

Goblet cells are found in the respiratory and digestive tracts.

Question 5

Define exocrine gland

Answer 5

A gland that secretes substances through ducts to the surface of an organ or tissue

Examples include sweat glands and salivary glands.

Question 6

Define endocrine gland

Answer 6

A gland that secretes hormones directly into the bloodstream

Examples include the thyroid gland and adrenal glands.

Question 7

What does merocrine mean?

Answer 7

A type of secretion where cells excrete substances via exocytosis without losing cellular material

Salivary glands are an example of merocrine glands.

Question 8

What does apocrine mean?

Answer 8

A type of secretion where part of the cell is lost during the secretion process

Apocrine glands are found in certain sweat glands and mammary glands.

Question 9

What does holocrine mean?

Answer 9

A type of secretion where entire cells disintegrate to release their substance

Sebaceous glands are examples of holocrine glands.

Question 10

Define mesenchyme

Answer 10

A type of embryonic connective tissue that gives rise to all other connective tissues

Mesenchyme is essential during development for forming various tissue types.

Question 11

What is ground substance?

Answer 11

The non-cellular material in the extracellular matrix that fills the space between cells

Ground substance can be fluid, gel-like, or solid.

Question 12

Define collagen

Answer 12

A protein that provides strength and structure to connective tissues

Collagen is the most abundant protein in the body.

Question 13

What are elastic fibers?

Answer 13

Fibers that allow tissues to stretch and return to their original shape

Elastic fibers are found in tissues such as skin and blood vessels.

Question 14

Define reticular fibers

Answer 14

Thin, branched fibers that provide a supportive network in soft tissues

Reticular fibers are found in organs like the liver and lymph nodes.

Question 15

What are fibroblasts?

Answer 15

Cells that produce collagen and other fibers in connective tissue

Fibroblasts are crucial for tissue repair and maintenance.

Question 16

Define chondroblasts

Answer 16

Cells that produce cartilage matrix

Chondroblasts are crucial for the growth and maintenance of cartilage.

Question 17

What are osteoblasts?

Answer 17

Cells that form new bone tissue

Osteoblasts play a key role in bone development and healing.

Question 18

What is a neuron?

Answer 18

A specialized cell that transmits nerve impulses

Neurons are the fundamental units of the nervous system.

Question 19

Define neuroglia

Answer 19

Supportive cells in the nervous system that do not conduct impulses

Neuroglia provide support, nourishment, and protection for neurons.

Question 20

What does hyperplasia mean?

Answer 20

An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ

Hyperplasia can occur in response to a stimulus, such as hormonal changes.

Question 21

Define hypertrophy

Answer 21

An increase in the size of existing cells in a tissue or organ

Hypertrophy is often seen in muscle tissue due to exercise.

Question 22

What does metaplasia mean?

Answer 22

The reversible transformation of one differentiated cell type to another

Metaplasia can occur in response to chronic irritation or inflammation.

Question 23

What are stem cells?

Answer 23

Undifferentiated cells capable of giving rise to various cell types

Stem cells play a critical role in growth, development, and tissue repair.

Question 24

Define totipotent

Answer 24

Stem cells that can differentiate into any cell type, including embryonic and extraembryonic tissues

Totipotent cells are found in the early stages of embryonic development.

Question 25

What does pluripotent mean?

Answer 25

Stem cells that can differentiate into nearly any cell type but not extraembryonic tissues ## Footnote Pluripotent cells are found in the inner cell mass of the blastocyst.

Question 26

What kinds of tissues are derived from the endoderm?

Answer 26

Epithelial tissues of the digestive tract and respiratory system ## Footnote The endoderm gives rise to the innermost layers of these systems.

Question 27

What kinds of tissues are derived from the mesoderm?

Answer 27

Muscle, bone, and connective tissues ## Footnote The mesoderm is responsible for forming the middle layer of the embryo.

Question 28

What kinds of tissues are derived from the ectoderm?

Answer 28

Epithelial tissues of the skin and nervous system ## Footnote The ectoderm forms the outermost layer of the embryo.

Question 29

What are the characteristics of epithelial tissue?

Answer 29

Cellularity, polarity, attachment to a basement membrane, avascularity, and regeneration ## Footnote Epithelial tissue serves as a protective barrier and is involved in absorption and secretion.

Question 30

How are epithelial tissues named?

Answer 30

Based on the number of layers and cell shape ## Footnote Common shapes include squamous, cuboidal, and columnar.

Question 31

What are the typical functions of simple squamous epithelium?

Answer 31

Diffusion and filtration ## Footnote Simple squamous epithelium is often found in areas where rapid exchange is necessary, like the lungs.

Question 32

What are the typical functions of simple cuboidal epithelium?

Answer 32

Secretion and absorption ## Footnote Simple cuboidal epithelium is commonly found in glands and kidney tubules.

Question 33

What are the typical functions of simple columnar epithelium?

Answer 33

Absorption and secretion of mucus and enzymes ## Footnote Simple columnar epithelium lines the gastrointestinal tract.

Question 34

What are the typical functions of pseudostratified columnar epithelium?

Answer 34

Secretion and movement of mucus via cilia ## Footnote Pseudostratified columnar epithelium is found in the respiratory tract.

Question 35

What are the typical functions of stratified squamous epithelium?

Answer 35

Protection against abrasion and infection ## Footnote Stratified squamous epithelium is found in the skin and mucous membranes.

Question 36

What are the typical functions of transitional epithelium?

Answer 36

Stretching and recoiling to accommodate fluctuating volumes of liquid ## Footnote Transitional epithelium is found in the urinary bladder.

Question 37

What are the characteristics of connective tissue?

Answer 37

Varying degrees of vascularity, presence of extracellular matrix, and diverse cell types ## Footnote Connective tissue functions to support, bind, and protect other tissues.

Question 38

What are the functions of areolar connective tissue?

Answer 38

Supports and binds other tissues, stores nutrients, and provides a reservoir of water and salts ## Footnote Areolar connective tissue is often found under epithelia.

Question 39

What are the functions of adipose tissue?

Answer 39

Stores energy, insulates against heat loss, and protects organs ## Footnote Adipose tissue is commonly known as body fat.

Question 40

What are the functions of dense regular connective tissue?

Answer 40

Provides tensile strength in one direction due to closely packed collagen fibers ## Footnote Dense regular connective tissue is found in tendons and ligaments.

Question 41

What are the functions of dense irregular connective tissue?

Answer 41

Provides strength in multiple directions and can withstand tension ## Footnote Dense irregular connective tissue is found in the dermis of the skin.

Question 42

What are the functions of reticular connective tissue?

Answer 42

Forms a supportive network for organs such as the liver and lymph nodes ## Footnote Reticular connective tissue is made up of reticular fibers.

Question 43

What are the functions of hyaline cartilage?

Answer 43

Provides support and flexibility, reduces friction at joints ## Footnote Hyaline cartilage is found in the nose, trachea, and at the ends of long bones.

Question 44

What are the functions of fibrocartilage?

Answer 44

Provides tensile strength and absorbs compressive shock ## Footnote Fibrocartilage is found in intervertebral discs and the pubic symphysis.

Question 45

What are the functions of elastic cartilage?

Answer 45

Maintains shape while allowing flexibility ## Footnote Elastic cartilage is found in the external ear and epiglottis.

Question 46

What are the functions of bone?

Answer 46

Supports and protects organs, provides a framework for movement, stores minerals ## Footnote Bone tissue is a rigid form of connective tissue.

Question 47

What are the functions of blood?

Answer 47

Transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste products throughout the body ## Footnote Blood is a fluid connective tissue.

Question 48

What are the differences among skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle?

Answer 48

Skeletal muscle: voluntary, striated; Cardiac muscle: involuntary, striated; Smooth muscle: involuntary, non-striated ## Footnote Each muscle type has distinct structures and functions in the body.

Question 49

What are the three types of cell-to-cell junctions?

Answer 49

Tight junctions, desmosomes, gap junctions ## Footnote These junctions facilitate communication and adhesion between cells.

Question 50

How are glandular units characterized?

Answer 50

By their mode of secretion (exocrine or endocrine) and their structure (simple or compound) ## Footnote Glandular units can vary significantly in function and organization.

Question 51

What are the steps of healing tissue trauma?

Answer 51

Hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling ## Footnote These stages are critical for successful tissue repair.