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C10 - Classification and evolution Flashcards

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1
Q

What is classification?

A

Name given to the process by which living organisms are sorted into groups

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2
Q

What is the most widely used system of classification?

A

Linnaean classification - hierarchal classification

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3
Q

What are the groups called in hierarchal classification?

A

Taxonomic groups

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4
Q

What are the seven taxonomic groups in order?

A

Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

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5
Q

What further level of classification can be added to the hierarchal system?

A

Domain

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6
Q

Why do scientist classify an organism?

A

To identify species
To predict characteristics
To find evolutionary links

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7
Q

How are organisms classified?

A

First separates organisms into 3 domains
Archaea, bacteria, eukarya
Broadest groups

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8
Q

What is a species?

A

Group of organisms that can reproduce to create fertile offspring

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9
Q

What is significant about number of chromosomes in infertile animals?

A

They are odd
Meiosis cannot occur correctly as all chromosomes must pair up

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10
Q

How are species named?

A

Binomial nomenclature
First word is genus
Second word is species

Genus first letter in uppercase
Italics / underlined

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11
Q

What are the 5 kingdoms?

A

Prokaryotae (bacteria)
Protoctista (unicellular eukaryotes)
Fungi (yeasts, mould, mushroom)
Plantae (plants)
Animalia (animals)

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12
Q

General features of prokaryotae?

A

-Unicellular
-No nucleus or membrane bound organelles
-No visible feeding mechanism

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13
Q

General features of protoctista?

A

-(mainly) unicellular
-Nucleus and membrane bound organelles
-Some have chloroplasts
-Nutrients acquired by photosynthesis or ingestion

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14
Q

What is autotrophic?

A

Organisms that synthesise complex molecules from inorganic molecules via photosynthesis

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15
Q

What is heterotrophic?

A

Organisms that acquire nutrients by the ingestion of other organisms

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16
Q

General features of fungi

A

-Unicellular or multicellular
-Nucleus and membrane bound organelles
-Cell wall composed of chitin
-No chloroplasts
-No mechanisms for locomotion
-Most made of thread or hyphae
-Nutrients acquired by absorption
-Store food as glycogen

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17
Q

What is saprophytic

A

Organisms that acquire nutrients by absorption - mainly decaying material

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18
Q

General features of plantae

A

-Multicellular
-Nucleus and other membrane bound organelle
-Chlorophyll and chloroplasts
-Do not move
-Nutrients acquired through photosynthesis
-Store food as starch

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19
Q

General features of animalia

A

-Multicellular
-Nucleus and other membrane bound organelles
-No cell wall
-No chloroplasts
-Move with aid of cilia, flagella,
-Nutrients acquired by ingestion
-Food stored as glycogen

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20
Q

Changes to classification systems

A

Used to be based on observable features
Now based on evolutionary relationships

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21
Q

What is the three domain system

A

3 domains are archaea, bacteria, eukarya which have different ribosome and different RNA
then classified into 6 kingdoms

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22
Q

What are the 6 kingdoms in the 3 domain system

A

Domain Bacteria -Eubacteria

Archaea - Archaebacteria

Eukarya - Protoctista, Plantae, Fungi, Animalia

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23
Q

What is archae bacteria

A

Ancient bacteria
Can live in extreme environments

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24
Q

What is eubacteria

A

True bacteria
Found in all environment, maj

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25
Do scientists use 5 or 6 kingdoms
6
26
What is phylogeny
Evolutionary relationships between organisms
27
What is a phylogenetic tree
Diagram used to represent evolutionary relationships between organisms
28
How do you interpret phylogenetic trees?
Tips represent groups of descendent organisms Where lines branch of represents common ancestors Two descendants from same node are sister groups Closer the branches, closer the evolutionary relationship
29
Advantages of phylogeny
-Produces continuous tree, whereas, linnean produces discrete taxonomic groups -Hierarchal nature of linnean is misleading as it implies different groups in same rank are equivalent
30
What is evolution?
Theory that describes the way in which organisms evolve over many years as a result of natural selection
31
What is natural selection
Process by which organisms best suited to their environment survive and reproduce, passing on their characteristics to their offspring through their genes
32
How was the theory of evolution developed
In 1831, Charles Darwin went on the HMS Beagle to Galapagos Studied finches and their beaks and claws Beaks related to food available on different islands
33
What was Alfred Wallace's role in the theory of evolution
Working on his own theory in Borneo Proposed theory of evolution through joint presentation
34
What's evidence for evolution
-Palaeontology: study of fossils and fossil record -Comparative anatomy: study of similarities and differences between organisms' anatomy -Comparative biochemistry: similarities and differences between the chemical makeup of organisms
35
What are fossils?
Remains or impressions of prehistoric plant or animal, preserved in rocks
36
What is the fossil record
Over time sediment is deposited on the Earth to form starts of rock Within different strata fossils are different
37
What evidence does the fossil record provide?
-Fossils of simplest organism are found in oldest rocks -Sequence in which organisms are found match their ecological links -Study of anatomy of fossils can show how closely related organisms have evolved from same ancestor -Fossils allow relationships between extinct and alive organisms to be studied
38
Why is the fossil record incomplete
Soft-bodied organisms decompose quickly before they have a chance to fossilise Some fossils have been destroyed in natural disasters
39
What is comparative anatomy?
Study of similarities and differences in the anatomy of living species
40
What is a homologous structure
Structure that appears superficially different but has the same underlying structure
41
What’s divergent evolution?
Describes how, from a common ancestor, different species have evolved, each with a different set of adaptive features
42
What is comparative biochemistry
Study of the similarities and differences in the proteins and the other molecules that control life processes
43
What are two of the most commonly studied molecules
Cytochrome (protein involved in respiration) Ribosomal RNA
44
What does the hypothesis of neutral evolution state?
Most of the variability of the structure of a molecule doesn’t change its function Because most of the change occurs outside functional regions Neutral changes
45
How can you discover how closely two species are related
Molecular sequence compared Look at order of DNA bases or amino acids Number of differences plotted against rate molecule undergoes neutral base pair substitutions Calculated
46
What is variation
Differences in characteristics between organisms
47
What’s interspecific variation
Differences in characteristics between organisms of different species
48
What’s intraspecific variation
Differences in characteristics between organisms within a species
49
What are the two causes of variation
Genetic material Environment
50
What are genetic causes of variation
-Alleles -Mutations -Meiosis -Sexual reproduction -Chance
51
Are most variations caused by environmental or genetic factors
Mixture of both
52
What is discontinuous variation
Characteristic that falls in distinct groups
53
What is continuous variation
Variation that falls between a range
54
What’s a normal distribution curve
Bell shaped curve Continuous variation data
55
What are characteristics of a normal distribution curve
The mean, mode and median are the same Distribution is symmetrical about the mean Most values lie close to mean
56
How to calculate standard deviation
(Sum of (value measured - mean value)^2) / number of values - 1 Square rooted
57
How do you do a t test
t = (mean of data 1 - mean of data 2) / (sd / n of 1) + (sd /n of 2) Denominator square rooted
58
Spearman’s rank calculation
Correlation coefficient = 1 - ((6(sum of difference in ranks)^2)/(n)(n^2-1) N=number of pairs Ranked so same values have same rankings
59
What does correlation coefficient tell us
+1 perfect positive -1 perfect negative 0 no correlation
60
What are adaptations
Characteristics that increase an organisms chance of survival
61
What are the 3 types of adaptations
Anatomical Behavioural Physiological
62
What are examples of anatomical adaptations
-Body covering (eg, hair, scales, feathers) -Camouflage -Teeth -Mimicry
63
How is marram grass adapted
Xerophyte adapted to sand dunes with little water Adaptations reduce rate of transpiration
64
What are some examples of behavioural adaptation
-Survival behaviours -Courtship -Seasonal behaviours (migration, hibernation)
65
What two categories do behavioural adaptations fall into
-Innate /instinctive behaviour -Learned behaviour Usually both
66
What are some examples of physiological adaptations
-Poison production -Antibiotics production -Water holding
67
What is an analogous structure?
Structures that have adapted to perform the same functions but have a different origin
68
What is convergent evolution
Organisms evolve to become more similar due to similar environments or selection pressures
69
What are selection pressures
Factors that affect the organisms chance of survival or reproductive success
70
Steps of natural selection
1) Organisms have variations in there characteristics due to differences in their genes 2) Organisms whose characteristics are best adapted to a selection pressure have higher chance of surviving and successfully reproducing. Less well adapted experience opposite 3) Successful organisms pass allele for advantageous characteristics off to their offspring, non successful less likely to pass on 4) Repeated for generations, proportions of advantageous characteristic increases, frequency of allele increases
71
Modern day examples of evolution
Antibiotic resistant bacteria Peppered moths Sheep blowflies (pesticide used to kill- preadaptation) Flavobacterium (digest nylon 6 -help clear factory waste)
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