C10.2: Markers

Question 1

what risk factors are soft markers related to

Answer 1

• previous preg
• family history
• maternal age
• maternal serum testing results

Question 2

what are the 8 soft markers for chromo abnormalities seen on ultrasound

Answer 2

• nuchal fold
• echogenic bowel
• mild ventriculomegaly
• EIF
• CPCs
• single umbilical artery
• enlarged cisterna magna
• pyelectasis

Question 3

which 3 soft markers, when seen alone, are not associated w/ chromo abnormalities but have an increased risk of abnormalities if seen w/ other markers

Answer 3

• single umbilical artery
• enlarged cisterna magna
• pyelectasis

Question 4

single umbilical artery is suggestive for which abnormalities

Answer 4

• cardiac (should do fetal echo at 24 wks)
• renal
• growth restrictions/low birth weight

Question 5

what are the criteria for EIF

where would they be seen and how should we check for them

Answer 5

-must be as bright as bone

• seen in 4 CH view
• split screen and turn down the gains until bone disappears… if EIF still seen then they’re true EIF

Question 6

where do most EIF occur

Answer 6

the LV (88% only in LV)… quite common

then 5% ONLY in RV
then 7% biventricular

Question 7

EIF in which areas are the most significant

Answer 7

RV and biventricular

Question 8

are EIFs associated w/ congenital heart disease

Answer 8

no

Question 9

what should the nuchal fold measure from 16-17 6/7 wks?

18-24 wks?

Answer 9

16-17 6/7 wks:
< or = 5 mm

18-24 wks:
< or = 6 mm

Question 10

when assessing for echogenic bowel, your probe frequency should be < or = to what values

Answer 10

5 MHz

Question 11

how do you assess for echogenic bowel

Answer 11

-split screen and turn down the gains until bone disappears… if bowel still echogenic then its problematic

Question 12

what is echogenic bowel most commonly associated w/ other than T 21

Answer 12

non-chromo abnormalities:

• cystic fibrosis (main association)
• congenital infection
• intra-amniotic bleeding

Question 13

what is considered short for gestation age for long bones

Answer 13

• below 2.5% for gestational age (femur or humerus)

- >.9 of that predicted by the BPD

Question 14

how do we document CPCs

what value is considered abnormal

Answer 14

in 2 planes

> or = to 3 mm

Question 15

what value for pyelectasis is considered abnormal b/w 16-20 wks?

Answer 15

> or = 5mm

Question 16

if the renal pelvis is dilated to >10mm at any time during pregnancy, what does this indicate

Answer 16

renal blockage or hydronephrosis

Question 17

what value is considered mild ventriculomegaly

Answer 17

> or = 10 mm

Question 18

is the nasal bone routinely imaged at the 18 wk scan

Answer 18

no

Question 19

is ethnicity a factor when considering a small nasal bone

Answer 19

yes