C19 The Second Cold War Flashcards

(18 cards)

1
Q

Soviet Union and Afghanistan 1978-79

A
  • PDPA regime ally of the Soviet Union led by Hafizullah Amin
  • Amin starting to align with US so Soviets at risk of losing strategic and economic influence
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2
Q

What were the Soviet interests in Afghanistan

A
  • 2500km border
  • Afghanistan socialist state and ally of USSR
  • If aligned with US give it geostrategic power
  • Soviets viewed their actions in Afghanistan being consistent with Basic Principles of detente 1972
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3
Q

USA’s reaction to Afghanistan 1978-79

A
  • Iran’s pro-American regime overthrown by anti-American Islamic fundamentalists Led by Ayatollah Ruholla Khomeni
  • US feared of collapse and leave vulnerable to communist influences
  • Jimmy Carter now saw SALT II as being impossible
  • Carter released the Carter Doctrine January 1980
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4
Q

What was said in the address to the Nation on 4 January 1980 for measures aimed at USSR

A
  • A deferral of action on cultural and economic exchanges
  • Restriction of Soviet fishing privileges in American waters
  • Ban on the sale of high technology and strategic items to the Soviets
  • AN embargo on sales of grain to the Soviet Union
  • US military and economic assistance to Pakistan to enhance that states security
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5
Q

What was the Carter Doctrine

A
  • Carter feared that the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan was a new direction in Soviet global strategy
  • Thought it was initial step to establishing presence in Persian Gulf but also Indian Ocean which could threaten key oil shipments
  • Went onto increasing defense budget in 1981
  • This was the final stage of Detente
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6
Q

New Personality: Ronald Reagan

A
  • 1980s saw the arms race accelerate and superpowers could destroy Earth several times over
  • Reagan blamed previous administrations for allowing the US to be taken advantage of
  • Speech March 1983 referred to the Soviet leaders as being responsible for all of the unrest
  • Believed USA needed to return to unilateralism and restore its military strength
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7
Q

What were Reagan’s Cold War Policies

A
  • Opposed summit talks and rejected detente
  • Increased defense spending to 1.4 trillion and deployed 700 new nuclear weapons
  • Authorized Naval exercises with nuclear submarines near Soviet waters
  • Authorized SDI
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8
Q

Problems with Arms Control in the early 1980s

A
  • Response of pressure from Europe the ‘freeze’ movement started and the Reagan administration by the end of 1981 began START (Strategic Arms Reduction Talks)
  • However the talks stalled until mid-1982 but gap widened even more with US wanting to place missiles in Europe and proceeded with it in November 1983
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9
Q

Margaret Thatcher

A
  • Feb 1981 Thatcher visited Reagan
  • June 1982 Reagan visited Britain
  • Reagan had a speech that presented an attack on the Soviet Union calling for ‘Crusade for freedom’
  • For Thatcher Reagan had to put ‘Freedom on the offensive’
  • Thatcher allowed US to launched F-111 bombers against Libya 1986
  • But was less willing to back Reagan’s SDI project
  • Thatcher still modernized the Trident program
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10
Q

What were Thatcher’s Cold War policies

A
  • Valued friendship with USA
  • Provided economic and military support for NATO
  • Supported US military in Europe and North Africa
  • Supported policy of deterrence rather than detente
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11
Q

Who was Pope John Paul II

A
  • 1978 was elected as Pope from Poland
  • Focused his first encyclical on dignity of man and protection of human rights
  • June 79 visited Poland where 12 million people turned up
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12
Q

What were Pope John Paul II concerns

A
  • Protection of human rights
  • Religious freedoms
  • Open borders
  • Reconciliation
  • Need to reunite Europe
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13
Q

Solidarity in Poland

A
  • By 1980 Poland experiencing economic crisis
  • During July and August about 300,000 workers went on strike and government imposed food price rise of 100%
  • Government allowed first independent trade union named Solidarity led by Lech Walesa
  • Membership grew to 10 million and strikes erupted throughout the country
  • Proposed a National Referendum
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14
Q

Reaction of USSR to Solidarity in Poland

A
  • Concerned about concessions being made to Solidarity started military intervention along the Polish Frontier
  • June 1981 Soviet Politburo decided to not undertake military intervention in Poland
  • Soviets feared resistance as would face increase economic sanctions
  • 6 September 1981 General Wojciech Jaruzelski became communist leader and threatened to impose martial law
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15
Q

Implications of Martial Law in Poland 1981

A
  • 13 December 1981 General Jarzelski imposed martial law
  • All gatherings and demonstrations were banned
  • Dissemination of information was banned
  • Curfew imposed 10pm-6am
  • Official permission needed to be away from home for more than 48 hours
  • Only 1 state controlled radio and TV station
  • Solidarity leaders were arrested and the union banned
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16
Q

Shooting down of KAL 007

A
  • 1 September 1983 KAL 007 shot down
  • USSR claimed US espionage mission
  • 269 people died, 61 Americans
  • September 28th Yuri Andropov (Leader of USSR) seeking to evaluate Soviet perception of Reagan administration
17
Q

What was Able Archer 1983

A
  • It was the code name for a NATO ‘war game’
  • It was an exercise to test US and European readiness to deal with nuclear strikes form the USSR
18
Q

The stationing of Nuclear weapons in Europe 1983

A
  • Decision to deploy Perishing II missiles was announced in 1979
  • Missiles deployed in 1983 in West Germany at the same time ‘Able Archer’ was occuring