1
Q
asepsis
A
freedom from disease-causing microorganism
2
Q
sepsis
A
presence of bacteria or other infectious organism or their toxin in the blood or in other tissue of the body
3
Q
virulence
A
degree of microorganism can cause infection
4
Q
types of infection
A
- local infection
- systemic infection
5
Q
local infection
A
- infection where the pathogen that invade are limited to a specific point of body n remain there, multiplying until eliminated
6
Q
systemic infection
A
- condition where pathogen spread n damage diff. parts of the body
- e.g measles n chickenpox
7
Q
acute vs chronic
A
- acute infection
- appear suddenly or last a short time , influenza
- chronic infection
- occur slowly, over a long period, may last month or year, TB
8
Q
classification of infection
A
- latent infectious disease
- opportunistic infection
- primary infection
- reinfection
- secondary infection
- cross-infection
- nosocomial
- subclinical
9
Q
- latent infectious disease
A
- arises from microorganism that remain dormant in the body for long period , then become active
10
Q
- opportunistic infection
A
- arises from microorganism which are not normally pathogenic to healthy people
11
Q
- primary infection
A
- initial infection caused by microorganism in host
12
Q
- reinfection
A
- the subsequent infection by same organism in the same host
13
Q
- secondary infection
A
- new infection set up by new organism in the host when resistance of the host is lowered due to pre-existing infections disease
14
Q
- cross-infection
A
- when a patient is suffering from a disease n a new infection is set up from another host or external source
15
Q
- nosocomial
A
- cross infection occuring in the hospital or hospital acquired infection
16
Q
- subclinical
A
- where clinical symptom are not apparent
17
Q
stages of infection
A
- incubation
- prodromal
- illness
- convalescence
18
Q
incubation
A
- time between entry of an infectious agent in the host and the onset of the symptoms
- invades the tissue n begins to multiply to produce infection
- no sign n symptoms
19
Q
prodromal
A
- time from onset of nonspecific symptoms until specific symptoms
- may be infectious to others
- early sign n symptoms present but vague
20
Q
illness
A
- when sign n symptom are present
21
Q
convalescence
A
- patient’ s immune response n other defense mechanism overcome the pathogen
- the person usually regain strength n health is restored
- even the patients may recover but there may be some permanent damage
22
Q
inflammation
A
- local n nonspecific defensive response of the tissue
- immediate response of the body to any kind of injury
- penyakit yg ad ‘-itis’ belakang
23
Q
purpose of inflammation
A
- neutralize n destroy harmful agents
- limit their spread to other tissue
- prepare the damaged tissue for repair
24
Q
5 classic sign of inflammation
A
- pain
- swelling due to accumulated fluid at the site
- redness caused by increased blood flow
- heat due to hyperemia (increase of blood supply)
- impaired function of the part
25
main characteristics of systemic infection
- affects the bloodstream causing symptom throughout the body
- pathogen is distributed throughout the body
- bacterial toxin leads to systemic infection
26
clinical manifestation of systemic infection
- malaise
*feel tired n lack of energy
- fever
- chills
* cause shiver
- aches
*fore head n back
- nausea
* reacts to certain smell by vomiting
- vomiting
27
antimicrobial therapy
- antibiotic
* subs. produced by the microorganism that suppress the growth of other microorganism and may destroy them
*categorized into :
- broad spectrum = active against many gram + bacteria n gram - bacteria
- narrow spectrum = effective only against gram - bacteria
28
mode of action of antibiotic
- inhibitors of cell wall synthesis
- inhibitors of cell membrane func
- inhibitors of protein synthesis
- inhibitors of nucleic acid synthesis
- inhibitors of other metabolic process
29
antiviral chemotherapy
- antibacterial drugs are not effective against viruses
- viruses are intracellular, to attack them, chemotherapy agent must enter host cell
30
antifungal drugs
- Nystatin
* produce during fermentation by streptomyces noursei
* limited to yeast n fungi
- Griseofulvin
* use in the treatment of superficial fungi infection of the skin n body also some systemic mycosis
31
factor contributing to the evolution of resistant microbial organism (DRUG RESISTANCE)
- over prescriptions of antibiotic
- use of inappropriate antibiotic for infecting organism
- incomplete use of antibiotic prescription
- harbouring n spreading of resistant organism by carriers
- increased of antibiotic in farming , thus contaminating milk n meat
32
ways to minimize drug resistance
- avoid indiscriminate use of antibiotics when they are no real clinical use
- avoid use of antibiotic commonly use of generalized infections
- using correct dose of proper antibiotic to overcome infection quickly
- using combination of antibiotic of proven effectiveness
- use a diff. antibiotic when an organism gives evidence of becoming resistance to one used initially
