1
Q
Two breeds of alpaca
A
Huacaya= fluffy
Suri = mop
2
Q
Two breeds of llama
A
Ccara = fluffy, larger, common in UK
Tampuli = smaller, more heavily wooled
3
Q
What is a hembra
A
Female
4
Q
What is cush
A
Lying in sternal recumbency
5
Q
What is chukker
A
Fprce sitting down
6
Q
What is a gelding
A
Castrated male
7
Q
What is a macho
A
Entire male
8
Q
What is larger out of alpaca and llama
A
Llama; double the weight
9
Q
What wild species is llama descended from
A
Guanaco
10
Q
What wild species is alpaca descended from
A
Vicuna
11
Q
Why is alpaca wool better for people with allergies than sheep
A
No lanolin
12
Q
What two key vits/minerals do camelids need a constant supply of
A
Vitamin D
Zinc
13
Q
How does daily feed consumption differ to sheep and what is the DMI
A
DMI 1.8-2%
Need LESS than sheep
14
Q
Why do camelids need less food than sheep
A
High retention of ingesta due to stricta between C2 and C3
High rate of contraction
High surface to volume ratio
15
Q
Risk camelids face of lush pasture
A
Acidosis
Obesity
16
Q
Target body condition score
A
2.5-3.5 out of 5
17
Q
Protein requirements in different life stages
A
MAintenance = 8-10%
Growth/late pregnancy/lactation = 10-12%
Weaned crias under 6 months = 16%
18
Q
Lymph node expected palpation in camelids
A
Can only really feel them in young animals
19
Q
C1 turnover rate
A
2-3 contractions per min
20
Q
What is different about camelid tongue
A
Does not protrude because it is short
21
Q
What is notable about camelid lips
A
They have filtrum split at top used to prehension and sorting of food
22
Q
What is the choaniae in camelids and what congenital issue can we see
A
= opening between nasal cavity and nasopharynx
- We can see congenital atresia
23
Q
Nasal anatomy in camelids
A
Short nasal bone, long nasal cartilage
Obligate nasal breathers
Pushing on cartilage can suffocate them
24
Q
Difference between incisor growth in alpacas and llamas
A
Incisors are constantly growing in alpacas but not in llamas
25
Camelid dental formula deciduous
1 1 2/3 0
3 1 1/2 0
26
Camelid dental formula permanent
1 1 1/2 3
3 1 1/2 3
27
When are camelids post prone to tooth root abscesses in premolars/molars
Around age 3-5 years; this is when the teeth get changed from deciduous to permanent
28
What other trait is blue eye colour often linked to
Deafness
29
Which side of the neck do we take. blood sample from
Right
30
What do we use high (C2/3) vs low (C5/6) location on neck for in relation to taking blood/injections
High location: for injections and catheter placement (to lower the risk of injecting into the carotid)
Low location: for taking blood
31
Why do we give injections higher up in the neck
Because the jugular is further from the carotid in prox end of neck so less risk of intra-carotid injection
32
Oesophagus muscle conformation in camelids and why
Inner longitudinal
Outer circular
BECAUSE: need more force to bring cud up a longer neck c/f other ruminants
33
Function of C1 and C2
Like rumen but more secretory and more VFA absorption
Involved in mixing cycle
pH 6.5
Ventral half covered in saccules; simple columnar epithelium with secretory granules
34
Where might we find gastroliths
In saccules in C1/22
35
Function of C3
Protein digestion
Acid secretion
i.e more like abomasum
36
Which parts of C3 do what
Prox 75% have glandular epithelium in longitudinal fold and pH is 6/7
Distal 25% has glandular epithelium with gastric gland that maes proteases and HCl so pH 1.5
37
Which part of C3 is acid secreted
Distal 25%
This is the gastric area
= where we are most likely to get ulcers
38
Where does oesophageal groove run to and from in crias
From cardia to C3
39
Where are some possible obstruction sites in GI tract
Stricta from C2 to C3 = just 1-2cm diameter
Duodenal ampulla
Spiral colon
40
Do camelids have a gall bladder
No
41
What is different about the liver of camelids
It is fringed
42
Anatomy of spleen
Smooth
Very caudal
43
Which stomach compartment do we mostly see on right vs left lateral views
Left lateral = mostly C1
Right lateral = all but lots of C3
44
What is special about toe nails
Non weight bearing
45
WHat part of the foot do camelids walk on
Leathery pads of P2/P3
46
When is the youngest we can castrate
18 months
47
When do males have sperm present and when can we use for breeding
Sperm from 11 months but don't use for breeding until 2/3 years
NB: preputial adhesion breakdown is testosterone dependent and not fully released until 3 years
48
What is the max we should use males for breeding per day
Twice since they can't store sperm
49
Penis characteristics
Fibroelastic
Sigmoid slexure
Hook curve at tip
50
When is female puberty and when can we breed
Puberty at 6 months
Don't breed until 12 months (=65% adult weight)
51
Ovulation characteristics in camelids
= induced ovulators; mating causes LH surge and semen contains NGF
Ovulation can occur anywhere on ovary surface like in cows
52
3 differentials for facial masses in camelids
Retained cud
Lymphadenopathy
Tooth root abscess/osteomyelitis
53
Why do we need to be especially careful when rasping camelid teeth
Dentine very thin only 2-3mm so easy to expose bone
54
Which teeth are most likely to be affected by tooth root abscesses
Molars > premolars > incisors
More so on the mandible
55
What is a potential cnosequence of tooth root abscess
Osteomyelitis/lumpy jaw
56
What disinfectant would we use to lavage bone
Diluted iodine
57
What ages do we typically see lymphoma is alpacas or llamas
Relatively young
3-5 in alpacas
8 in llamas
58
Two differentials for lympahdenopathy
Lymphoma
Caseous lymphadenitis
59
What faecal egg count tool do we use in camelids
MOdified Stoll - better than McMaster because allows floatation of heavier eggs
60
How should we treat fatty liver
As with twin lamb disease
- Appetite stimulant = Vit B12, B1
- Propylene glycol or glycerol
- IV fluids
Insulin
61
If we palpate left sided mass in neck what does it indicate
Issues with regurgitation
62
What are some secondary causes of regurgitation
Megaoesophagus, neuromuscular dysfunction of oesophagus e.g due to VitE/Se deficiency, vascular ring anomaly
63
What type of toxicity does ragworth cause
liver toxicity
64
What type of toxicity does foxglove cause
Cardiotoxicity
65
What symptoms does buttercups give
Blistering around the mouth
66
What symtpoms does laurel toxicity cause
Neurotoxic
Enteritis
67
What two poisons cause haematuria
Brassica
Bracken
68
Which endoparasite causes issues in large intestine
Trichuris
69
Which two endoparasites can lead to anaemia
Trichuris
Haemonchus
70
When do small eimeria generally cause disease
AT post weaning
71
Whcih large eimeria species is very pathogenic
Eimeria Macusanensis
72
Can we use pour on anthelmintics in camelids
No because nothing absorbed through fluff
73
What dose avermectin should we use
2-3X the sheep dose as there is very fast metabolism of this
74
What can we use benzimidazoles for
Trichuris
_ resistance in other worm types
75
What is putting legs to the side instead of under in normal cush position a sign of
Abdominal pain i.e colic
76
What symptoms do large eimeria cause
Not always diarrhoea
Weight loss, ill thrift, colic
Cobblestone apperance of ileum; can get hypoproteinaemia
77
What would cobblestone appearance of the ileum in camelids suggest
Infection with large eimeria
78
Diagnosing ulcers in C3
Can't endoscope due to stricture
so HARD
- Faecal occult blood test can be used but not very sensitive
- Left shift neutrophilia
- Increase in acute phase proteins
79
Treating gastric ulcers
Proton pump inhibitor for 1-2 weeks e.g pantoprazole (sid) or omeprazole (tid)
Antimicrobials
Suspend grain
80
How does grain overload cause issues
Lots of rapidly fermentable carbohydrates leads to large amounts of VFAs being produced; this changes the microbial population which start producing lactic acid
81
How do treat grain overload cases
Give bicarbonate
Give magnesium hydroxide
Antimicrobials to stop septic emboli seeding
Thiamine; to stop polioencephalomalacia
Proton pump inhibitors
82
Where are mites vs lice found on camelids
Lice = in heavily fleeced areas
Mites = in lightly fleeced areas
83
Which mite species is most common in UK
chorioptes
84
Which mite species is zoonotic
Sarcoptes
85
Why would we look at zinc levels when thinking about mite infestation
Zinc deficiency can predispose
86
Which mites are burrowing
Sarcoptes
- So use ystemic treatment
87
Which mites are non-burrowing
Chorioptes
Psoroptes
88
What do we need to be careful of if using amiraz to treat mites
Not in pregnant animals
Take care with disposal
89
Treating sarcoptes mites
Systemic treatment
Ivermectin injection 7-10 day apart 3 or 4 times
Should use 2-3x sheep dose due to rapid metabolism
90
Which animals are at more risk of vitamin D deficiency hypophosphataemia (rickets)
Dark haired animals
Young alpacas
91
Vit D supplementation in camelids
From november until may
Give 1000-1500 i.u/kg every 6 weeks
- In clinical cases: supplement at 2000iu/kg just once
92
Presentation of hypophosphataemic rickets
lameness esp front legs
Shifting weight
Recumbency
Ataxia
Goose stepping due to C1-5 remodelling
Fractures
Anaemia
Thickening of growth plates on X ray
93
Usual cause of osteomyelitis
Haematogenous spread of septic emboli from GI tract
94
Normal PCV in camelids; what is significant and when do we transfuse
Normal = 25-45%
Significant = < 20%
Transfuse at 14%
95
Why do camelids only show lethargy if anaemia is severe
Because good at dealing with low oxygen conditions
96
How to treat mycoplasma
10% oxytetracycline at 10mg/kg for 7 days
97
What do we need to remember when blood smearing to look for mycoplasma
Use fresh blood
98
Gestation period for camelids
345 days +/- 30 days
99
Where do we typically see pregnancies in camelids
95% are in left horn
100
What type of placenta do they have
Diffuse epithelio-chorial
101
When can we diagnose pregnancy
at 45 days with rectal ultrasound
60 days with TA ultrasound
30 days with rectal palpation
102
What is CCN
Polioencephalomalacia
= caused by thiamine deficiency
103
Apart from thiamine deficiency what else could cause CCN
sulfur/lead toxicity
Hypo/hyper natraemia
104
When can we induce crias
Only if gestation >330 days
And if torsion ruled out
Should use PGF2alpha
105
Signs of prematurity
Curly ears
Lack of eruption of teeth at birth
Domed head
106
What type of epithelium in saccules vs non-sacular mucosa of C1 and 2
Saccules = simple columnar
Non-saccular mucosa = stratified squamous
107
Which legs are metatarsal glands found on
What about interdigital glands
Metatarsal glands: inside of hind legs
Interdigital glands: all feet
108
APproach to clostridial vaccination if dam vaccinated vs not
If dam vaccinated: vaccinate from 3 months
If dam not: vaccinate with just lambivac (4 strains) at 3 days; then boost later with multivalent one
109
What is heptavac protective against
Lots of clostridia
M Haemolyticua
B trehalosi
110
What animal should we use the dose for of when giving flunixin
Horse
111
Why would we avoid mycotil in camelids
Associated with fatalities
Small Ruminants
flashcards
Decks in class (15)
# Cards
-
Infertility in sheep and goats49
-
Small ruminant nutrition29
-
Perinatal issues in sheep47
-
Diarrhoea in lambs and kids50
-
Parasitic diarrhoea and thin ewes41
-
Respiratory diseases of sheep and goats33
-
Skin diseases in sheep30
-
Locomotor disorders in small ruminants31
-
Sudden death in sheep13
-
Sheep and goat nutrition35
-
Ocular disease small ruminants41
-
Camels111
-
Goats99
-
Skin diseases in sheep COPY30
-
preventative medicine24
