BIOCHEM LEC FOR RBE > CARBOHYDRATES > Flashcards

CARBOHYDRATES Flashcards

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1
Q

term for SACCHARIDE or SUGAR

A

carbohydrates

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2
Q

the GENERAL FORMULA of carbohydrates

A

Cn(H2O)n

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3
Q

a compound that YIELDS POLYHYDROXY ALDEHYDES OR KETONES upon hydrolysis

A

carbohydrates

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4
Q

provides SHORT-TERM ENERGY reserve

A

carbohydrates

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5
Q

carbohydrate that contains a SINGLE polyhydroxy aldehyde or polyhydroxy ketone

A

monosaccharide

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6
Q

carbohydrate that contains 2 TO 10 MONOSACCHARIDE units covalently bonded to each other

A

oligosaccharides

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7
Q

polymeric carbohydrate that contains as MANY MONOSACCHARIDE UNITS covalently bonded to each other

A

polysaccharides

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8
Q

hydrolysis of carobhydrates?

A

polysaccharides to oligosaccharides to monosaccharide

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9
Q

a monosaccharide that contains an ALDEHYDE FUNCTIONAL GROUP

A

aldose

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10
Q

monosaccharide that contains a KETONE FUNCTIONAL GROUP

A

ketose

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11
Q

substance rotates polarized LIGHT TO THE LEFT

A

levorotatory

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12
Q

substance rotates polarized LIGHT TO THE RIGHT

A

dextrorotatory

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13
Q

are images that COINCIDE AT ALL POINTS when the images are laid upon each other

A

superimposable

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14
Q

are mirror images where NOT ALL POINTS COINCIDE when the images are laid upon each other

A

nonsuperimposable

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15
Q

has 4 DIFFERENT ATOMS bonded to the carbon

A

chiral

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16
Q

DOES NOT HAVE 4 DIFFERENT ATOMS or groups bonded to the carbon

A

achiral

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17
Q

an ATOM IN A MOLECULE that has 4 different groups tetrahedrally bonded to it

A

chiral center

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18
Q

MOLECULE whose mirror images are NOT SUPERIMPOSABLE

A

chiral molecule

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19
Q

MOLECULE whose mirror images ARE SUPERIMPOSABLE

A

achiral molecule

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20
Q

ISOMERS that have the SAME MOLECULAR AND STRUCTURAL FORMULAS but differ in the orientation of atoms in space

A

stereoisomers

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21
Q

what are the subtypes of stereoisomers?

A

enantiomers and diastereomers

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22
Q

ENANTIOS opposite

A

enantiomers

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23
Q

STEREOISOMERS whose molecules are NONSUPERIMPOSABLE

A

enantiomers

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24
Q

are STEREOISOMERS whose molecules are NOT MIRROR IMAGES of each other

A

diastereomers

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25
a two dimensional structural notation for showing the SPATIAL ARRANGEMENT of groups about chiral centers in molecules
fischer projection formula
26
when a molecule has MORE THAN ONE CHIRAL CARBON, each carbon can possibly be arranged in either the right-hand or left-hand form
2n rule
27
a two dimensional structural notation that specifies the THREE-DIMENSIONAL STRUCTURE of a cyclic form of a monosaccharide
haworth projection
28
6 membered ring
pyranose
29
5 membered ring
furanose
30
what are the 3 acidic sugars?
aldonic acid, alduronic acid, aldaric acid
31
uses WEAK OXIDIZING AGENT
aldonic acid
32
USES ENZYMES
alduronic acid
33
uses STRONG OXIDIZING AGENT
aldaric acid
34
used as a SWEETENING AGENT in chewing gum
d-sorbitol
35
a component of RNA and energy-rich compounds such as ATP
d-ribose
36
it means MINUS AN OXYGEN
deoxy
37
is synthesized from glucose in the MAMMARY GLAND for use in lactose
d-galactose
38
sometimes called BRAIN SUGAR because it is a component of glycoproteins found in the brain and nerve tissue
d-galactose
39
a component of glycoproteins FOUND IN BRAIN AND NERVE TISSUE
brain sugar
40
are DIASTEREOMERS whose molecules DIFFER ONLY IN THE CONFIGURATION at one chiral center
epimers
41
aka DEXTROSE, BLOOD SUGAR, GRAPE SUGAR
d-glucose
42
is biochemically the MOST IMPORTANT KETOHEXOSE
d-fructose
43
also known as LEVULOSE AND FRUIT SUGAR
d-fructose
44
used as a DIETARY SUGAR not because it has fewer calories per gram than other sugars but because less is needed
d-fructose
45
the bond in a DISACCHARIDE resulting from the reaction between THE HEMIACETAL CARBON ATOM
glycosidic linkage
46
also known as MALT SUGAR
maltose
47
ONE-THIRD AS SWEET AS SUCROSE, is produced whenever the polysaccharide starch breaks down
malt sugar or maltose
48
a common ingredient in BABY FOODS and is FOUND IN MALTED MILK
maltose
49
an interesting compound because of its use in ALCOHOL PRODUCTION
maltose
50
produced as an INTERMEDIATE IN THE HYDROLYSIS of the polysaccharide cellulose
cellobiose
51
also known as MILK SUGAR
lactose
52
it is the major sugar FOUND IN MILK
lactose
53
ingredient in INFANT FORMULAS that are designed to simulate mother's milk
lactose
54
it is an EXCIPIENT used as a FILLER OR FILLER-BINDER
lactose
55
used to describe the condition where milk drinking ability CONTINUES INTO ADULTHOOD
lactase persistence
56
a condition in which people LACK THE ENZYME LACTASE, which is needed to hydrolyze lactose to galactose and glucose
lactose intolerance
57
caused by the ABSENCE OF ONE OR MORE OF THE ENZYMES needed for the CONVERSION OF GALACTOSE TO GLUCOSE
galactosemia
58
it is composed of GLUCOSE AND FRUCTOSE
sucrose
59
the most ABUNDANT OF ALL DISACCHARIDES and occurs throughout the plant kingdom
table sugar
60
also known as TABLE SUGAR
sucrose
61
the enzyme needed to BREAK THE LINKAGE OF SUCROSE
sucrase
62
produces an EQUIMOLAR MIXTURE of glucose and fructose
invert sugar
63
it is used in JAMS AND JELLIES
invert sugar
64
600x sweeter than sucrose
sucralose
65
an ASPARTAME DERIVATIVE
neotame
66
it is 7000x sweeter than sucrose
neotame
67
the 2 NATURALLY OCCURING OLIGOSACCHARIDES
raffinose and stachyose
68
TRISACCHARIDE, galactose, glucose, and fructose
raffinose
69
TETRASACCHARIDE, galactose, glucose, and fructose with ADDITIONAL GALACTOSE
stachyose
70
a TOXIN found in the POTATO PLANT
solanine
71
oligosaccharide molecules that are ATTACHED TO THE PLASMA MEMBRANE of red blood cells
biochemical markers
72
an ALTERNATE NAME for a POLYSACCHARIDE
glycan
73
it is the COMPLEX CARBOHYDRATES
polysaccharide
74
2 SIMPLE CARBOHYDRATES
monosaccharide and disaccharide
75
a polysaccharide in which ONLY ONE TYPE OF MONOSACCHARIDE MONOMER is present
homopolysaccharide
76
a polysaccharide in which MORE THAN ONE TYPE OF MONOSACCHARIDE MONOMER is present
heteropolysaccharide
77
STORAGE POLYSACCHARIDES
glycogen and starch
78
STRUCTURAL POLYSACCHARIDES
cellulose and chitin
79
ACIDIC POLYSACCHARIDES
hyaluronic acid and heparin
80
a HOMOPOLYSACCHARIDE CONTAINING ONLY GLUCOSE monosaccharide units
starch
81
the ENERGY-STORAGE POLYSACCHARIDE in plants
starch
82
aka AMYLUM
starch
83
the STRAIGHT-CHAIN glucose polymer usually accounts for 15%-20% of the starch
amylose
84
a BRANCHED glucose polymer accounts for the remaining 80%-85% of the starch
amylopectin
85
it is the glucose storage polysaccharide in humans and animals and sometimes referred as ANIMAL STARCH
glycogen
86
the 3 GLUCOSE POLYMERS
amylose, amylopectin, glycogen
87
up to 1000 GLUCOSE UNITS
amylose
88
up to 100,000 GLUCOSE UNITS
amylopectin
89
up to 1,000,000 GLUCOSE UNITS
glycogen
90
TO START glycogen from glucose
glycogenesis
91
TO BREAKDOWN glycogen to glucose
glycogenolysis
92
GOYSSYPIUM HIRSATUM
cellulose
93
it is the most ABUNDANT NATURALLY OCCURING POLYSACCHARIDE
cellulose
94
the WOODY portions of plants
cellulose
95
the 2ND MOST ABUNDANT NATURALLY OCCURING POLYSACCHARIDE
chitin
96
its function is to give rigidity to the EXOSKELETONS OF CRABS, lobsters, shrimp, insects and other arthopods
chitin
97
contains GALACTURONIC ACID which is not found in cellulose
chitin
98
serve as LUBRICANTS IN TH FLUID OF JOINTS
hyaluronic acid
99
are also associated with the JELLY-LIKE CONSISTENCY OF THE VITREOUS HUMOR OF THE EYE
hyaluronic acid
100
it is the BLOOD ANTICOAGULANT
heparin
101
a 51-amino-acid protein hormone produced by the BETA CELLS OF THE PANCREAS
insulin
102
the release of this is triggered by HIGH BLOOD-GLUCOSE LEVELS
insulin
103
BINDING TO THE PROTEIN RECEPTORS on the outer surfaces of cells
insulin
104
will come out if there is TOO MUCH SUGAR
insulin
105
is a polypeptide hormone produced in the PANCREAD BY ALPHA CELLS
glucagon
106
it is released when blood sugar levels ARE LOW
glucagon
107
also called ADRENALINE
epinephrine
108
It helps u survive, FIGHT OR FLIGHT MODE
epinephrine
109
is the result of INADEQUATE INSULIN production by the beta cells of the pancreas
type 1 diabetes
110
results from INSULIN RESISTANCE, a condition in which cells FAIL TO USE INSULIN PROPERLY. Bodily insulin production may be normal, but the cells DO NOT RESPOND TO IT NORMALLY
type 2 diabetes
111
1 glucose + 1 glucose is?
maltose
112
glucose + fructose is?
sucrose
113
glucose + galactose is?
lactose
114
its gonna BREAK DOWN THE COMPONENTS
hydrolysis
115
If SUCROSE IS HYDROLYZED it is called
invert sugar
116
it is FOUND IN FATTY TISSUES
glycogen
117
RESERVOIR OF THE GLUCOSE or preserved glucose
glycogen
BIOCHEM LEC FOR RBE
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