What are carbs made of?
- Carbon
- Oxygen
- Hydrogen
Where are they found?
- Pasta
- Rice
- Potatoes
- Couscous
- Bread
What are sugars?
Divided into
• Monosaccharides
• Disaccharides
•Polysaccharides
What are monosaccharides?
- Simple sugars
- glucose
- fructose
- galactose
What is glucose?
- fruit & plant juices
- blood of living animals
- carbs are converted to glucose in digestion
What is fructose?
- fruit - vegetables & honey
* sweetest sugar so don’t need much
What is galactose?
- glucose & galactose = lactose
* present in milk
What are disaccharides?
= Two monosaccharides joined together meaning one molecule of water is lost
• Sucrose
• Lactose
• Maltose
What is sucrose?
= Glucose & Fructose
• cane & sugar beet
• fruit & veg
• all sugar (white or brown)
What is lactose?
= Glucose & Galactose
• found in milk
• less sweet than sucrose & galactose
What is Maltose?
= glucose & glucose
• forms when variants is germinates for Malt liquors & beer
What are polysaccharides?
= many monosaccharides joined together - known as complex carbohydrates
• Starch
• Glycogen
What is Starch?
= made of lots of glucose
• main food reserve in plants
• Starch granules have unique shapes & sizes relative to the plant they come from
What is glycogen?
= made form many molecules of glucose from animals
• similar to Starch
• small amounts are stored in the liver & muscles for energy reserve
Deficiency of carbs =
• loose weight
Excess of carbs =
- tooth decay
* weight gain
What are intrinsic sugars?
Form part of the cells in fruit & veg
What are Non- intrinsic sugars?
- Not located in the cellular structure
* Are divided into - milk sugars & non milk extrinsic sugars (honey, fruit juice)
What is Non- Starch polysaccharide?
= DIETARY FIBRE • Polysaccharide found in cell walls off - fruit - veg - pulses - cereal grains • not digestible • helps reduce weight • contains few calories • gives a feeling of fullness • normal bowel function • gold for diabetics as it slows down release of glucose into blood stream
What is cellulose?
NSP
• made of thousands of glucose molecules
• main structural carb of plants
• found in foods with veg origin
• ADDS BULK TO FAECES BECAUSE ITS WATER BINDING CAPACITY ASSISTS THE WASTE PASSAGE
What is Pectin?
NSP
• In apples/soft fruits/root veg
• important in jam setting
• not fibrous but may help reduced cholesterol in blood
What is Beta glucose?
NSP
• in brown barley, oats, wheat
• may help reduce blood cholesterol
Sources of NSP?
- wholemeals
- oats
- barley
- cereal grains
- fruit
- veg
Symptoms of deficiency?
- low stool weight
- constipation
- increased risk of bowel cancer
