Nursing 2050 > Cardiac > Flashcards

Cardiac Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the functions of the cardiovascular system

A

Pumping blood Delivering oxygen and nutrients Removing waste Maintaining blood pressure Transmitting hormones and other substances

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2
Q

What disorders affect the cardiovascular system

A

Congestive Heart Failure Peripheral Artery Disease Hypertension Cardiomyopathy Deep Vein Thrombosis Myocardial Ischemia Angina Myocardial Infarction

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3
Q

What is the shape and location of the heart

A

Cone shaped muscle Mediastinum Central region of the thoracic cavity Situated between the lungs Slightly left of midline

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4
Q

What does the size and appearance of the heart depend on

A

Dependent on multiple factors

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5
Q

What does the right atrium do

A

Receives deoxygenated blood from the body through the superior and inferior vena cava

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6
Q

What does the left atrium do

A

Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs through the pulmonary veins

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7
Q

What does the right ventricle do

A

Pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs through the pulmonary artery

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8
Q

What does the left ventricle do

A

Pumps oxygenated blood to the rest of the body through the aorta

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9
Q

What supplies blood to the heart muscle

A

Coronary arteries deliver oxygenated blood Coronary veins carry deoxygenated blood away

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10
Q

What is the function of heart valves

A

One way gates that open to move blood forward and close to prevent backflow

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11
Q

What causes valve stenosis

A

Calcification congenital defects infection

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12
Q

What causes valve regurgitation

A

Aging HTN MI cardiomyopathy infection

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13
Q

What happens if valve disease is untreated

A

Heart works harder Can lead to heart failure

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14
Q

What is perfusion

A

Flow of blood to the body Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between RBCs and tissues

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15
Q

What is central perfusion

A

Force of blood movement generated by cardiac output Requires adequate cardiac function blood pressure and blood volume

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16
Q

What is local tissue perfusion

A

Blood that flows to target tissue Requires patent vessels and adequate blood pressure

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17
Q

What is the goal of perfusion

A

Optimal Perfusion

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18
Q

What is the purpose of the cardiac conduction system

A

Controls rate and rhythm of heart contractions

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19
Q

What arrhythmias can occur

A

Sinus Bradycardia Sinus Tachycardia Atrial Fibrillation Atrial Flutter PVCs Ventricular Fibrillation Asystole

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20
Q

What is the SA node

A

Primary pacemaker of the heart Stimulates atria Firing rate 60-100 bpm

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21
Q

What is the AV node

A

Secondary pacemaker of the heart Stimulates ventricles Firing rate 40-60 bpm

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22
Q

What is the Bundle of His

A

Carries electrical signal to left and right bundle branches

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23
Q

What are Purkinje fibers

A

Final part of conduction system Forces ventricular contraction Firing rate 30-40 bpm

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24
Q

What is preload

A

Amount of blood left in ventricle at end of diastole End Diastolic Volume

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25
What is afterload
Amount of resistance the left ventricle must work against to eject blood
26
What is contractility
Ability of the heart to squeeze blood from ventricles
27
What is cardiac output
Volume of blood pumped out of left ventricle in one minute Normal 4-6 L per minute
28
What is heart rate
Number of times the heart beats per minute
29
What is stroke volume
Amount of blood ejected from ventricles during systole
30
What labs are included in cardiac workup
CBC BMP Cholesterol Triglycerides Cardiac enzymes BNP
31
What does troponin indicate
Heart muscle damage Elevated with MI
32
What is BNP
Hormone released by heart in response to ventricular stretching Used to diagnose heart failure
33
What is telemetry monitoring
Continuous monitoring of heart rate rhythm and electrical signals
34
What is a 12 lead ECG
Provides information about electrical activity Diagnoses arrhythmias ischemia infarction
35
What does an echocardiogram show
Movement of heart Contractility Ejection fraction Ventricular function
36
What is a Holter monitor
ECG recording for 24-28 hours Patient logs symptoms and activity
37
What is a stress test
Evaluates cardiovascular response to exercise or pharmacologic stress
38
What is MAP
Average arterial pressure during one heartbeat cycle Normal 70-100 mmHg
39
How is MAP calculated
Diastolic BP times two Plus systolic BP Divide by three
40
What are modifiable cardiovascular risk factors
Smoking ETOH abuse Illicit drugs Diet Hyperlipidemia Sedentary lifestyle Obesity Diabetes Hypertension Stress
41
What are nonmodifiable cardiovascular risk factors
Age Gender Genetics
42
What is a DVT
Formation of clot within a deep vein Can travel to lungs causing PE
43
Where do DVTs commonly occur
Lower extremities
44
What are DVT risk factors
Immobility smoking clotting disorders pregnancy surgery injury
45
What are DVT clinical manifestations
Pain tenderness warmth discoloration
46
How is DVT diagnosed
Ultrasound
47
What are nursing interventions for DVT
Early ambulation SCD TED hose Elevation Monitor for PE NO heat or massage
48
What are medical interventions for DVT
Anticoagulants
49
What is peripheral artery disease
Narrowing of arteries reducing blood flow to limbs due to plaque
50
What are PAD symptoms
Pain cramping coolness numbness discoloration
51
How is PAD diagnosed
Ankle Brachial Pressure Index
52
What is hypertension
Force of blood against artery walls consistently too high
53
Why is hypertension called the silent killer
Often asymptomatic until late stage
54
What are late stage hypertension symptoms
Vision changes headache chest pain ringing in ears
55
What is stable angina
Chest pain related to limited blood flow Predictable Occurs with exertion Relieved by rest or nitro
56
What is unstable angina
Chest pain at rest Not relieved by nitro Medical emergency Causes MI
57
What is myocardial infarction
Partial or complete blockage of coronary artery Heart muscle death
58
What are MI symptoms
Chest pain SOB nausea vomiting cool clammy skin
59
What does time is muscle mean
Delays cause increased heart muscle damage
60
What is cardiomyopathy
Disease of myocardium causing stiffening enlargement thickening Can lead to HF
61
What are symptoms of cardiomyopathy
Dyspnea chest pain palpitations edema fatigue
62
What is left sided heart failure
Left ventricle cannot pump effectively Fluid backs up into lungs
63
What are signs of left sided heart failure
Crackles orthopnea fatigue nocturnal dyspnea
64
What is right sided heart failure
Right ventricle fails Blood backs up into veins
65
What are signs of right sided heart failure
Edema ascites hepatomegaly JVD
66
Does heart failure increase preload
Increase preload
Nursing 2050
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