PHYSL 212 > CARDIO > Flashcards

CARDIO Flashcards

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1
Q

what is hemodynamics

A

study of blood flow

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2
Q

what does hemodynamics look at

A

relationship b w

  • blood flow
  • blood pressure
  • resistance to blood flow
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3
Q

what determines blood flow

A
  1. pressure difference bw 2 diff points

2. resistance to blood flow

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4
Q

what is blood flow formula

A

blood flow = (pressure diff bw 2 diff points) / resistance to blood flow

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5
Q

what does not determine blood flow

A

absolute pressure at any given point

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6
Q

what is resistance to blood flow

A

how difficult it is for blood to move bw 2 diff points at any given pressure

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7
Q

how does blood flow

A
  • down pressure gradient

- from region of higher pressure to region of lower pressure

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8
Q

what provides driving force for blood flow

A

pressure diff

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9
Q

what is required for blood to flow

A
  • pressure diff needs to overcome resistance to blood flow

- delta P > R

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10
Q

what is hydrostatic pressure or “pressure”

A

pressure that vol of blood exerts on walls of blood vessels that contain it

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11
Q

why can’t resistance be measured

A

determined by several factors

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12
Q

what factors determine resistance to blood flow

A
  1. viscosity of blood
  2. length of blood vessel
  3. diameter of blood vessel
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13
Q

what is viscosity

A

friction bw molecules of flowing fluid

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14
Q

what is result of blood become more viscous

A
  • more friction bw molecules of flowing fluid

- greater resistance to blood flow

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15
Q

what does greater contact bw walls and blood result in

A
  • greater friction

- greater resistance to blood flow

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16
Q

what do vessels with longer length produce

A
  • greater friction

- greater resistance to blood flow

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17
Q

what do vessels with shorter length produce

A
  • less friction

- less resistance to blood flow

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18
Q

what does constriction of blood vessel result in

A

decrease diameter of blood vessel

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19
Q

what does dilation of blood vessel result in

A

increase diameter of blood vessel

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20
Q

how does blood travel through blood vessels

A

concentric layers

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21
Q

what do vessels w smaller diameter produce

A
  • greater friction

- greater resistance to blood flow

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22
Q

why do blood vessels with smaller diameter produce greater friction + greater resistance to flow

A
  • less concentric layers

- more blood in contact w blood vessel walls

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23
Q

what do vessels w larger diameter produce

A
  • less friction

- less resistance to blood flow

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24
Q

why do blood vessels with smaller diameter produce less friction + less resistance to blood flow

A
  • more concentric layers

- less blood in contact w blood vessel walls

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25
what does poiseuille's equation define
relationship bw - viscosity - blood vessel length - blood vessel diameter / radius
26
when does poiseuille's equation apply
laminar flow
27
what is laminar flow
flow that is a. slow b. regular
28
what factor has greatest effect on resistance
diameter / radius
29
what does small change in vessel diameter result in
large change in resistance
30
what is poiseuille's equation
resistance = (8 x viscosity x length of vessel) / (pi x radius of vessel to the power of 4)
31
what are functions of cardiovascular system (5)
1. deliver oxygen and nutrients 2. remove waste 3. allow fast chemical signalling to cells by circulating hormones or transmitters 4. thermoregulation 5. mediate inflammatory and host response
32
3 components of cardiovascular system
1. heart 2. blood vessels 3. blood
33
what can vessels be divided into
1. arteries 2. arterioles 3. capillaries 4. venules 5. veins
34
what kind of system is cardiovascular system
closed system
35
what are 4 chambers of heart
- 2 atria | - 2 ventricles
36
how are walls of atria characterized
- thin | - low pressure
37
how are walls of ventricles characterized
- thick | - high pressure
38
what is function of atria
receive blood returning to heart
39
what are 2 great veins
1. superior vena cava | 2. inferior vena cava
40
what are 2 great arteries
1. aorta | 2. pulmonary trunk
41
what does L side of heart pump
highly ox blood
42
what does R side of heart pump
highly deox blood
43
what is function of septa
prevent mixing of ox and deox blood
44
what separates L and R atria
interatrial septum
45
what separates L and T ventricles
interventricular septum
46
where does L side of heart pump its blood
- ox | - systemic circuit
47
where does R side of heart pump its blood
- deox | - pulmonary circuit
48
what kind of blood enters lungs
de ox
49
what happens to blood that enter lungs
oxygen diffuses from lung tissue to blood
50
what kind of blood leaves lungs
ox
51
what kind of blood enters body tissues
ox
52
what happens to blood that enter body tissues
oxygen diffuses from blood to interstitial fluid
53
what kind of blood leaves body tissues
de ox
54
what is pathway of blood
1. L atrium receives ox blood from pulmonary vein 2. L ventricle pumps ox blood to systemic circuit through aorta 3. ox blood becomes deox blood 4. R atrium receives deox blood from from superior + inferior vena cava 5. R ventricle pumps deox blood to pulmonary circut through pulmonary artery 6. deoc blood becomes ox blood 7. L atrium receives ox blood from pulmonary vein
55
where does each circuit start and end
heart
56
how does blood flow in cardiovascular system
in series / in sequence
57
how does blood flow occur in systemic circuit
in parallel
58
what does it mean for blood flow to occur in parallel in systemic circuit
separate arteries supply each organ
59
what is exception to parallel blood flow
liver
60
what does parallel blood flow allow
regulation of blood flow to each region - increasing blood flow when necessary - decreasing blood flow when necessary
61
what is pericardium
sac surrounding a. heart b. roots of great blood vessels
62
what are great blood vessels
1. aorta 2. pulmonary trunk 3. vena cava
63
PERICARDIAL STRUCTURE how many layers of pericardium
3
64
PERICARDIAL STRUCTURE what are 3 layers of pericardium
1. fibrous pericardium 2. serous pericardium 3. visceral pericardium
65
PERICARDIAL STRUCTURE what are functions of fibrous pericardium
1. protection 2. stabilize heart in thoracic cavity 3. prevent over filling of heart
66
PERICARDIAL STRUCTURE how does fibrous pericardium stabilize heart in thoracic cavity
attaches to structures in chest
67
PERICARDIAL STRUCTURE how does fibrous pericardium precent overfilling
does not stretch readily
68
PERICARDIAL STRUCTURE what makes up serous pericardium
1. parietal | 2. visceral
69
PERICARDIAL STRUCTURE what is parietal layer
layer composed of cells that secrete fluid
70
PERICARDIAL STRUCTURE what separates parietal pericardium from visceral pericardium
pericardial cavity
71
PERICARDIAL STRUCTURE what is inner most layer
visceral pericardium
72
PERICARDIAL STRUCTURE what is visceral pericardium part of
heart wall
73
PERICARDIAL STRUCTURE what is the function of pericardial fluid secreted by serous layer
reduce friction bw pericardial mems
74
what does thickness of L ventricle allow
generation of higher pressure during contraction
75
what does generation of higher pressure during contraction allow
allows for blood to be pumped to entire systemic circuit
76
HEART WALL what are components of heart wall
1. epicardium 2. myocardium 3. endocardium
77
HEART WALL what is epicardium
where visceral pericardium comes into contact w heart wall
78
HEART WALL what does epicardium consist of
1 layer of simple squamous epithelium
79
HEART WALL what is attached to 1 layer of simple squamous epithelium
layer of CT (myocardium)
80
HEART WALL what is myocardium
muscular wall of heart
81
HEART WALL what does myocardium contain
1. myocytes 2. nerves 3. blood vessels
82
HEART WALL what does endocardium line
1. heart cavities | 2. heart valves
83
HEART WALL what is endocardium
thin layer of epithelium
84
HEART WALL what does endothelium provide
smooth surface for blood to flow over
85
HEART WALL how does heart wall differ bw atria and ventricles
ventricles have thicker myocardium
86
what are gap junctions important for
spreading AP through atria and ventricles
PHYSL 212
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