IMT > Cardio > Flashcards

Cardio Flashcards

from ZTF (41 cards)

Study These Flashcards
1
Q

Co-morbidities that inc risk of atherosclerosis

A

DM
HTN
CKD
Inflammatory conditions ie RA
Psychosis (anti psychotic use)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Primary Prevention of CVD

A

Based on QRISK 3
10 year risk of MI / stroke
>10% = statin (atorvastatin 20mg)

Statins also offered to all with CKD or T1DM (if had for over 10 yrs or who are over 40)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Secondary Prevention

A

4As

Antiplatelet
Atorvastatin 80mg
Atenolol (beta blocker)
ACEi

Clop in stroke and vascualr disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Clinical signs of Familial Hypercholesterolaemia

A

Simon Broome Criteria

  • Family history of premature cardiovascular disease (e.g., myocardial infarction under 60 in a first-degree relative)
  • Very high cholesterol (e.g., above 7.5 mmol/L in an adult)
  • `Tendon xanthomata (hard nodules in the tendons containing cholesterol, often on the back of the hand and Achilles)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Stable vs Unstable Angina

A

Stable - bought on by exercise and relieved by rest or GTN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Basic Management of stable Angina

A

RAMPS

Refer
Advise Dx and safetynet
Medical management
Procedural / surgical Mx
Secondary prevention

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Medical Mx of Stable Angina

A

GTN = vasodilation = improved blood flow to myocardium

Longer term symptom relief - one or both of
Beta blocker or CCB (avoid in Hf)

Specialist:
ISM
Ivabradine
Nicorandil
Ranolazing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Surgical Mx Angina

A

used with more severe disease and when medical Mx fails

PCI - radial / fem access - inject contrast see stenosis - then can widen artery with balloon (angioplasty) and stent

CABG - midline sternotomy. Graft vessel attached to coronary artert bypassing stenosis

PCI has quicker recovery, lower rate of strokes but has a higher rate of needing rpt vascularisation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Cardiac Syndrome X

A

Angina-like chest pain without the presence of coronary artery disease when investigated with angiograms

Women 45-55

Dx of exclusion.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Coronary Anatomy

A

RCA - RA, RV, inferior LV and posterior septum

Left circumflex - LA and posterior LV

LAD - Ant aspect of LV and ant septum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

ECG changes linked to anatomy

A

LCA - 1, aVL, V3-6
LAD - V1-4
Circumflex - 1, aVL, V5-6
RCA - 2,3 and aVF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Things that can rise Trop

A

Chronic kidney disease
Sepsis
Myocarditis
Aortic dissection
Pulmonary embolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Initial Mx

A

CPAIN

Call Ambulance
Perform ECG
Aspirin 300mg
IV morphine if needed
Nitrate (GTN)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

STEMI Mx

A

PCI - if within 2 hours of presentation
Thrombolysis if not

May need another antiplatelet pre PCI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

NSETMI Mx

A

BATMAN

Base the decision of PCI vs thrombolysis on GRACE score
Aspiring 300mg
Ticagrelor 180mg (clopi if high risk)
Morphine
Antithrombin - fonda
Nitrate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Who gets an angio in NSTEMi

A

GRACE of over 3% - early angiography wiith PCI (within 72hrs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Types of MI

Study These Flashcards
A

ACDC
ACS, cant cope, Dead, and Caused

T1 - Traditional MI

T2 - Secondary to inc demand or reduced supply of o2

T3 - Sudden cardiac death from ischaemia

T4 - MI associated with cardiac procedures

18
Q

How does Pulm oedema occur

Study These Flashcards
A

Impaired LVF causes backlog of blood. Therefore inc volume and pressure in LA, pulm veins and lungs. Fluid leaks out. around lungs

19
Q

Causes of Heart Failure

Study These Flashcards
A

IHD
Valvular Heart disease
HTN
Arrythmias
Cardiomyopathy

20
Q

Clinical signs of Heart Failure

Study These Flashcards
A

Murmurs on auscultation indicating valvular heart disease

3rd heart sound on auscultation
Bilateral basal crackles (sounding “wet”) on auscultation of the lungs, indicating pulmonary oedema

Raised jugular venous pressure (JVP), caused by a backlog on the right side of the heart, leading to an engorged internal jugular vein in the neck
`
Peripheral oedema of the ankles, legs and sacrum

21
Q

Why do they get PND

Study These Flashcards
A

Fluid settles across the large area of the lungs as lie flat. As stand fluid sinks to lung bases - easing symptoms

During sleep, the resp centre is less responsive, so the RR and effort do not increase in response to reduced oxygen saturation = more significant pulmonary congestion and hypoxia before they wake up feeling very unwell.

Less adrenalin circulating during sleep. Less adrenalin means the myocardium is more relaxed, reducing cardiac output.

22
Q

NYHA classes

Study These Flashcards
A

1 - no limitation on activity
2 - symptomatic with ordinary activities
3 - symptomatic with any activity
4 - symptoms at rest

23
Q

Referral Criteria

Study These Flashcards
A

Urgent if BNP above 2000 (2 weeks)
400-2000 then 6 weeks

24
Q

Medical MX

Study These Flashcards
A

ABAS

ACEi (avoid valvular heart disease unless specialist)
Beta bocker
Aldosterone antagonist
SGLT2i

25
Pacemaker indication
Symptomatic bradycardias (e.g., due to sick sinus syndrome) Mobitz type 2 heart block Third-degree heart block Atrioventricular node ablation for atrial fibrillation Severe heart failure (biventricular pacemakers)
26
Single vs Dual vs Triple
Single - placed in RA if issues with SAN. RV if AVN is the issue. Dual - both RA and RV Triple - RA and both ventriles - used in severe heart failure - termed CRT
27
CXR findings of Heart Failurw
A - Alveolar oedema B - B lines C - Cardiomegaly - ratio over 0.5 D - Diversion towards upper lobes E - Effusions Upper lobe diversion occurs as back pressure casues upper lobe veins to fill with blood - increase prominence and diameter
28
Why does valvular heart disease cause pathology
Stenosis of a valve leads to hypertrophy of the [proceeding chamber Regurgitation of a valve leads to dilatation of the preceding chamber
29
Aortic Stenosis
Ejection systolic, high pitched. Crescendo-decrescendo
30
TAVI
Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) Used in severe AS
31
Why does AF cause strokes
Leads to stagnation of blood in left atrian(left atrial appendage) forming thrombus - if in LA then can go to cerebral artery causing stroke 5x increased risk
32
Causes of AF
SMITH Sepsis Mitral valve pathology IHD Thyrotoxicosis HTN Also alcohol and caffeine
33
Valvular AF
AF with significant mitral stenosis or a mechanical heart valve. The assumption is that the valvular pathology has led to atrial fibrillation Those with valvular AF need to be referred to cardio!
34
Rate + Rhythm control
All with AF should have rate control first line unless: - A reversible cause for their AF - New onset atrial fibrillation (within the last 48 hours) - Heart failure caused by atrial fibrillation - Symptoms despite being effectively rate controlled Rate - aiming for HR under 80 to allow complete diastole - BB, CCB or Dig Rhythm - cardioversion (immediate if less then 48 hours of threat to life) - can use drugs (flecainide or amiodarone) or electrical
35
Paroxysmal AF
Pill in pocket approach - flecainide Must be infrequent and have no structural Heart disease
36
Ablation for AF
Used when drug treatment not adequate or tolerated Left atrial ablation - catheter palced next to different areas to assess and see where abnormal pathway is - then ablate it AV node ablation - destroy AVN and then need pacemaker
37
AF anticoagulation
Risk goes from 5% / year of stroke to 1-2% (2/3 reduction) 2-5-8% risk of bleed per year So balance needed - ORBIT vs CHADSVASC
38
ORBIT
– Older age (age 75 or above) R – Renal impairment (GFR less than 60) B – Bleeding previously (history of gastrointestinal or intracranial bleeding) I – Iron (low haemoglobin or haematocrit) T – Taking antiplatelet medication
39
CHADSVASC
C – Congestive heart failure H – Hypertension A2 – Age above 75 (scores 2) D – Diabetes S2 – Stroke or TIA previously (scores 2) V – Vascular disease A – Age 65 – 74 S – Sex (female) NICE (2021) recommends, based on the CHA2DS2-VASc score: 0 – no anticoagulation 1 – consider anticoagulation in men (women automatically score 1) 2 or more – offer anticoagulation
40
Left atrial appendage occlusion
Option where contraindications to Anticoag but high stroke risk Feed catheter to right atrium and puncturing the septum between the atria to access the left atrium. Then, a plug is placed in the left atrial appendage, preventing blood from entering that area.
41
IMT
flashcards
Decks in class (3)
# Cards
Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2026 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions