PTRP > Cardio ANA > Flashcards

Cardio ANA Flashcards

(48 cards)

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1
Q

What are the three main components of the cardiovascular system?

A
  • Blood
  • Blood vessel
  • Heart

These components work together to circulate blood throughout the body.

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2
Q

Describe the shape of the heart.

A
  • Cone-shaped structure
  • Inverted pyramid (according to Snell)
  • Blunted cone

The heart’s shape is essential for its function in pumping blood.

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3
Q

What is the size of the heart compared to?

A

Same as a closed fist

This comparison helps in understanding the heart’s physical dimensions.

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4
Q

Where does the heart rest?

A

Diaphragm

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5
Q

Where is the heart located?

A

Mediastinum

The mediastinum is the tissue mass extending from the sternum to the vertebral column between 2 lungs.

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6
Q

What is the orientation of the heart?

A

2/3 mass of the heart point towards the left body’s midline

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7
Q

What is the function of the pericardium?

A
  • Protects the heart from trauma
  • Protects the heart from infection

The pericardium is a fibrous connective sac that encloses the heart.

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8
Q

What are the two layers of the serous pericardium?

A
  • Visceral Serous Pericardium (Epicardium)
  • Parietal Serous Pericardium

These layers serve to protect and lubricate the heart.

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9
Q

What is the normal amount of pericardial fluid?

A

50 mL

This fluid acts as a lubricant, decreasing friction in the heart.

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10
Q

True or false: An increase in pericardial fluid can lead to cardiac tamponade.

A

TRUE

Cardiac tamponade compresses the heart and decreases its output of oxygenated blood.

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11
Q

What is the most anterior surface of the heart?

A

Right Ventricle

The anterior surface is also known as the sternocostal surface.

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12
Q

Which chamber is the most posterior surface of the heart?

A

Left Atrium

This surface is also referred to as the base surface.

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13
Q

What are the four chambers of the heart?

A
  • Right Atrium
  • Left Atrium
  • Right Ventricle
  • Left Ventricle

Each chamber has specific functions in blood circulation.

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14
Q

What are the two groups of heart valves?

A
  • Atrioventricular Valves (AV Valves)
  • Semilunar Valves (SL Valves)

These valves prevent backflow of blood in the heart.

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15
Q

What is the function of the atrioventricular valves?

A

Prevent backflow of blood to the heart

The tricuspid and bicuspid (mitral) valves are examples of AV valves.

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16
Q

What is the blood flow sequence starting from the right side of the heart?

A
  • Deoxygenated Blood
  • SVC
  • IVC
  • RA
  • RV
  • Pulmonary Artery
  • Lungs

This sequence describes how deoxygenated blood is processed in the heart.

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17
Q

What is the function of the coronary arteries?

A

Supply blood to the heart

The right and left coronary arteries are crucial for heart health.

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18
Q

What is the most common occluded coronary artery?

A

Left Coronary Artery (LCA)

The LCA is larger than the RCA, making it more susceptible to occlusion.

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19
Q

What are the phases of cardiac action potentials?

A
  • Phase 0: Depolarization
  • Phase 1: Initial Repolarization
  • Phase 2: Plateau
  • Phase 3: Repolarization
  • Resting Membrane Potential

These phases describe the electrical activity of the heart muscle.

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20
Q

What is the systolic blood pressure?

Study These Flashcards
A

120 mmHg

This is the highest arterial pressure during the cardiac cycle.

21
Q

What is the diastolic blood pressure?

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A

80 mmHg

This is the lowest arterial pressure during the cardiac cycle.

22
Q

What is stroke volume?

Study These Flashcards
A

Amount of blood pumped by the ventricles per contraction (Normal: 70 mL)

Stroke volume is a key indicator of heart function.

23
Q

What is the normal resting cardiac output?

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A

4 - 6L

Cardiac output is the amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute.

24
Q

What is the normal value for End-Systolic Volume (ESV)?

Study These Flashcards
A

50 mL

An increase in ESV may indicate Congestive Heart Failure.

25
Define **Stroke Volume (SV)**.
Amount of blood pumped by the ventricles per CONTRACTION ## Footnote Normal value: 70 mL. Calculated as EDV - ESV.
26
What is the formula for calculating **Stroke Volume (SV)**?
EDV - ESV ## Footnote Example: 120 - 50 = 70.
27
What is **Cardiac Output (CO)**?
Amount of blood pumped by the ventricles PER MIN ## Footnote Normal value: 4 - 6L (resting cardiac output).
28
What is the relationship between **Stroke Volume (SV)**, **Heart Rate (HR)**, and **Cardiac Output (CO)**?
SV x HR = CO ## Footnote Normal HR: 60 - 100 bpm.
29
What does a **Heart Rate (HR)** of <60 bpm indicate?
Bradycardia ## Footnote A heart rate above 100 bpm indicates **Tachycardia**.
30
What is **Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)**?
Arterial pressure with respect to time ## Footnote Formula: DBP + 1/3 (PP).
31
Calculate the **Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)** if DBP is 80 and PP is 40.
93.33 mmHg ## Footnote Calculation: 80 + 1/3(40) = 80 + 13.33.
32
What does the **P wave** in an **Electrocardiogram (ECG)** represent?
Arterial Depolarization ## Footnote Other components include QRS complexes and T wave.
33
What does the **QRS complex** in an **ECG** indicate?
Ventricular Depolarization ## Footnote It is a key component of the ECG waveform.
34
What does the **T wave** in an **ECG** signify?
Ventricular Repolarization ## Footnote It follows the QRS complex in the ECG.
35
Define the term **interval** in the context of an ECG.
Long measurement ## Footnote In contrast, a **segment** is a short measurement.
36
What is the **PR interval** commonly used for?
It is commonly used by the physician as R can be easily seen ## Footnote It is an important measurement in ECG interpretation.
37
What condition is indicated by a **prolonged PR interval**?
Heart block ## Footnote This condition can affect the heart's electrical conduction.
38
What does a **Premature Ventricular Contraction (PVC)** look like on an ECG?
Wide, Bizarre, Odd QRS ## Footnote PVCs can disrupt normal heart rhythm.
39
What does **ST segment elevation** indicate?
Myocardial Infarction ## Footnote It is a critical finding in ECG interpretation.
40
What does **ST segment depression** suggest?
Myocardial Ischemia ## Footnote It indicates reduced blood supply to the heart.
41
Define **infarction**.
Death of the tissue ## Footnote It is often due to prolonged ischemia.
42
Define **ischemia**.
Decrease blood supply in the heart ## Footnote It can lead to tissue damage if not resolved.
43
Where is the **Aortic valve** located?
3rd LEFT ICS ## Footnote It is one of the four heart valves.
44
Where is the **Pulmonic valve** located?
2nd LEFT ICS ## Footnote It is situated near the left side of the sternum.
45
Where is the **Mitral valve** auscultated?
5th Midclavicular line ## Footnote It is located on the left side of the chest.
46
Where is the **Tricuspid valve** located?
4th RIGHT ICS ## Footnote It is positioned on the right side of the heart.
47
Where is the **Aortic valve** auscultated?
2nd RIGHT ICS STERNAL BORDER ## Footnote This is a key location for heart auscultation.
48
Where is the **Tricuspid valve** auscultated?
4th ICS STERNAL BORDER ## Footnote Important for assessing heart function.
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